[Recommendations for implanting cardiac pacemakers in bradycardia].

The paper gives recommendations for cardiologists and cardiac surgeons who are engaged in working out indications, choice of the type and mode of cardiac pacing. Based on the understanding of the great importance of nomenclature documents concerning the development of indications for pacemakers implantation, the Working Group of the Expert Committee, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, for implantable antiarrhythmic devices and electrophysiology has developed recommendations on pacemaker implantation in acquired atrioventricular (AV) block, in AV-block after myocardial infarction, chronic bi- and tri-fascicular block, sinoatrial nodal dysfunction, hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome, neurovascular syndromes, as well as in childhood bradyarrhythmias. In developing the recommendations, the authors have used their own 25-year experience in implanting pacemakers and the recommendations proposed by the Working Group of the American College of Cardiologists and the American Association of Cardiologists in 1984 and 1991 for implanting pacemakers in bradyarrhythmias.

[Continuous bipolar electrostimulation of the heart].

The analysis of the data available in the literature has shown that bipolar pacing systems are promising. The paper indicates that the first samples of a Soviet bipolar electrode have been made and tested in the laboratory setting. It also raises whether it is necessary to design bipolar pacemakers.

[Comparative evaluation of various methods of continuous electric stimulation of the heart in bradycardia].

An analysis was made of the results from clinical application of various implanted systems of cardiac pacing, such as VVI for isolated ventricular pacing, AAI for atrial pacing, VDD, DVI, and DDD for dual chamber pacing, and "Activitrax" for rate responsive pacing. Indications and contraindications for the use of each cardiac pacing mode and possible complications were also considered.

[A clinical evaluation of the current methods for cardiac pacing electrostimulation].

A comparative analysis was done of the results of 250 operations--implantations of the different systems of cardiac pacing. Use was made of ventricular pacing (VVI), atrial pacing (AAI), different modes of dual chamber pacing (VDD, DVI, DDD), and of rate responsive pacing (Activitrax, Sensolog, Meta-MV). Indications and contraindications for use of pacemakers of different types are discussed as are potential complications consequent on the use of different modes of cardiac pacing.