NKG2A and HLA-E define an alternative immune checkpoint axis in bladder cancer.

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-blockade immunotherapies have limited efficacy in the treatment of bladder cancer. Here, we show that NKG2A associates with improved survival and responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in bladder tumors that have high abundance of CD8 T cells. In bladder tumors, NKG2A is acquired on CD8 T cells later than PD-1 as well as other well-established immune checkpoints.

Landscape of natural killer cell activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompasses a set of cancers arising from the epithelia of the upper aerodigestive tract, accounting for a significant burden of disease worldwide due to the disease's mortality, morbidity, and predilection for recurrence. Prognosis of HNSCC in the recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M-HNSCC) setting is especially poor and effective treatment options increasingly rely on modulating T-cell antitumor responses. Still, immunotherapy response rates are generally low, prompting the exploration of novel strategies that incorporate other effector cells within the tumor microenvironment.

Role of the Innate Immune System in the Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response of Bladder Cancer.

Effector cells from the innate immune system are capable of cellular killing, recruitment and priming of adaptive cells. As the role of the tumor microenvironment in the control and elimination of cancer continues to be elucidated, interest has grown in understanding how the innate immune system can be harnessed to increase tumor immune infiltration and improve cancer therapeutics. Measurements of cytokines levels in urinary-based assays have shown the relevance of the bidirectional activation pathway between the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients with bladder cancer, underscoring the key role of innate immunity in priming and directing the antitumor response.

Ideal concentration of tropicamide with hydroxyamphetamine 1% for routine pupillary dilation.

In this double-masked clinical study, we evaluated four concentrations of tropicamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.

Effect of varying drop size on the efficacy and safety of a topical beta blocker.

We studied the effects on efficacy and safety of varying the drop size of a topical solution of levobunolol 0.5%. In a double-masked, crossover acute study, we administered a single drop of either 35 microL of vehicle, or 20, 35, or 50 microL of levobunolol one hour before the subjects began a ten-minute treadmill challenge electrocardiogram.