Utility of ganglion cells for the evaluation of anterior visual pathway pathology: a review.

The management of optic neuropathy is fundamental to neuro-ophthalmic practice. Following the invention of the ophthalmoscope, clinicians, for a century or more, relied upon fundus examination in the evaluation of optic neuropathy. However, the advent of optical coherence tomography, based on the principle of backscattering of light and interferometry, has revolutionized the analysis of optic nerve and retinal disorders.

The Occurrence of Intraretinal and Subretinal Fluid in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment.

Purpose: To describe the frequency and characteristics of intraretinal and subretinal fluid in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION) and to assess the influence on the visual deficit and optic nerve fiber/ganglion cell loss.

Design: A retrospective, single-center study.

Participants: Thirty-two patients with NAAION referred to our Neuro-ophthalmology Department between 2014 and 2021.

Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Cystic Change in the Inner Nuclear Layer Caused by Edema and Retrograde Maculopathy.

Purpose: Microcystic macular edema (MME), also known as retrograde maculopathy (RM), is associated with severe optic atrophy because of a range of causes. However, similar changes have also been described in primary pathology and the pathogenesis of MME is debated.

Design: A retrospective observational case series.

Sleep affects higher-level categorization of speech sounds, but not frequency encoding.

Sleep can increase consolidation of new knowledge and skills. It is less clear whether sleep plays a role in other aspects of experience-dependent neuroplasticity, which underlie important human capabilities such as spoken language processing. Theories of sensory learning differ in their predictions; some imply rapid learning at early sensory levels, while other propose a slow, progressive timecourse such that higher-level categorical representations guide immediate, novice learning, while lower-level sensory changes do not emerge until later stages.