Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods.

Climate change has led to concerns about increasing river floods resulting from the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. These concerns are reinforced by evidence of increasing economic losses associated with flooding in many parts of the world, including Europe. Any changes in river floods would have lasting implications for the design of flood protection measures and flood risk zoning.

Climate-change potential effects on the hydrological regime of freshwater springs in the Italian Northern Apennines.

In large areas of the Italian Northern Apennines, hundreds of low-yield springs provide water for drinking and industrial purposes, with short groundwater flow paths being formed within fractured sedimentary rock units. This hydrogeological setting results in spring water discharges that closely follow meteoric water recharge patterns, leading to low-flow periods concentrated in the summer/early autumn. Therefore, the springs' outflow can be very sensitive to a shortage in water recharge, as it was the case in 2003 and 2017, when a prolonged period of drought caused severe water management issues.

Changing climate shifts timing of European floods.

A warming climate is expected to have an impact on the magnitude and timing of river floods; however, no consistent large-scale climate change signal in observed flood magnitudes has been identified so far. We analyzed the timing of river floods in Europe over the past five decades, using a pan-European database from 4262 observational hydrometric stations, and found clear patterns of change in flood timing. Warmer temperatures have led to earlier spring snowmelt floods throughout northeastern Europe; delayed winter storms associated with polar warming have led to later winter floods around the North Sea and some sectors of the Mediterranean coast; and earlier soil moisture maxima have led to earlier winter floods in western Europe.

Change in Diabetic Retinopathy Through 2 Years: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, and Ranibizumab.

Importance: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) favorably affects diabetic retinopathy (DR) improvement and worsening. It is unknown whether these effects differ across anti-VEGF agents.

Objective: To compare changes in DR severity during aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab treatment for DME.