Disparities in Promotion and Retention Rates Among Underrepresented in Medicine Faculty in U.S. Ophthalmology Departments.

Purpose: This study examines the rates and trends of faculty promotions within the field of ophthalmology, with comparative emphasis on the rates of promotion among underrepresented in medicine (URiM) faculty.

Design: A retrospective panel study was conducted using the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster database.

Methods: We used the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster data to assess trends in academic faculty promotions within U.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Some Wild Medicinal Mushrooms from Nigeria.

This study assessed the antioxidant properties and antibacterial effects of hot water, cold water, and ethanol extracts of Agaricomycetes mushrooms Trametes betulina, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus var. albidus, and A. bisporus var.

Wnt signaling induces neurite outgrowth in mouse retinal ganglion cells.

Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathways mediate axonal growth and remodeling in the embryonic optic nerve, brain and spinal cord. Recent studies demonstrated that the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway also induces axonal regeneration after injury in the optic nerve of adult animals. However, the molecular mechanisms of Wnt-mediated axonal growth are not well understood.

A growing field: The regulation of axonal regeneration by Wnt signaling.

The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade that plays critical roles during embryogenesis. Wnt ligands regulate axonal extension, growth cone guidance and synaptogenesis throughout the developing central nervous system (CNS). Recently, studies in mammalian and fish model systems have demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling also promotes axonal regeneration in the adult optic nerve and spinal cord after injury, raising the possibility that Wnt could be developed as a therapeutic strategy.