The short- and long-term effects of simple behavioral interventions for nocturnal enuresis in young children: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To assess the short- and long-term effects of 3 simple behavioral interventions to overcome nocturnal enuresis in young children.

Study Design: We performed a randomized controlled trial in children aged four to five years with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (n = 570). The children were placed in one of four groups: (1) lifting to urinate and ask for a password; (2) the same as group 1, without a password; (3) using a reward system; or (4) a control group.

Repeated findings of unidentified small Isospora-like coccidia in faecal specimens from travellers returning to The Netherlands.

Findings are described of small (8-10 microns) coccidian oocysts in the stools of 9 patients presenting with diarrhoea, all of whom with a history of travelling in South Asia and/or South America in the years 1986 and 1987. There was no indication of immunodeficiency. These oocysts, which were immature in freshly excreted stools, could be induced to sporulate into a two-sporocysts stage and are now recognized as Cyclospora spec.