Time and cost involved in measuring access to medicines: the case of Albania.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the resources involved in collecting data for both the WHO/Health Action International (HAI) methodology and the Sustainable Development Goal 3.b.3 indicator to determine the availability and affordability of medicines.

Nineteen years of constraint-induced movement therapy: A practice-based, retrospective, observational study.

Background: Despite its proven efficacy and recommendations in national clinical guidelines, Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is rarely implemented, sustained over time, nor evaluated in regular clinical practice.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of CIMT that has been delivered in a clinical setting over a sustained period of time, and to study the relationship between patient characteristics and outcomes.

Material And Methods: This practice-based, retrospective, observational study utilised a before-and-after design.

Cost-effectiveness of an additional hysterectomy after initially conservative treatment for cervical adenocarcinoma in situ.

Objective: Several European and American guidelines recommend to perform an additional hysterectomy in patients with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), who initially received conservative treatment and who completed childbearing during follow-up. This study aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of performing an additional hysterectomy in comparison to expectative management.

Methods: This post-hoc analysis was based on a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with AIS, who were conservatively treated by a radical (i.

Out of the frying pan into the fire: Predicted warming in alpine streams suggests hidden consequences for aquatic ectotherms.

Thermal regimes of aquatic ecosystems are predicted to change as climate warming progresses over the next century, with high-latitude and high-elevation regions predicted to be particularly impacted. Here, we have modelled alpine stream water temperatures from air temperature data and used future predicted air temperature trajectories (representative concentration pathway [rcp] 4.5 and 8.