Incidence Rates and Risks for Reoperations for Nonunion and Adjacent Level Disease: Stopping at L1 versus T10/T11/12.

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To determine if there is a difference in reoperations for adjacent segment disease (operative ASD) and nonunion (operative nonunion) in lumbar fusions that stop at T10/T11/T12 versus L1.

Summary Of Background Data: Current lumbar spine surgery is based on the belief that ASD occurs if fusions are stopped at L1 although there is varying evidence to support this assumption.

Genome Sequence of Three Siphoviruses in the EE, GA and EA5 Actinobacteriophage Clusters: Biscayne, Bush and GreenIvy.

Bacteriophages Biscayne, Bush and GreenIvy were isolated from soil samples in Miami, FL using NRRL B-24224 as host. Transmission electron microscopy shows siphoviral morphologies for all three phages. Based on gene content similarity to other actinobacteriophages, they are assigned to the EE, GA and EA5 clusters, respectively.