Migraines and other headaches: an approach to diagnosis and classification.

Headache is a symptom that accounts for over 18 million visits to physicians each year. In an effort to resolve inconsistencies and problems with the differentiation of specific types of headache, the International Headache Society (IHS) has established a classification system. For each major type of headache, the IHS classification specifies diagnostic criteria and recognized subtypes where appropriate.

A comparison of uterine cervical cytology and biopsy results: indications and outcomes for colposcopy.

Background: There is some debate in the literature over the proper approach to the patient with a mildly abnormal cervical cytologic finding. One current approach for handling low-grade cytologic abnormalities is to perform colposcopy and biopsy if atypia, human papillomavirus (HPV) changes, or mild dysplasia is noted on cytologic examination. If a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear shows inflammation without atypia, the test is repeated after 3 months, and if inflammation does not clear, colposcopy is performed.