Assessing the Co-Occurrence of European Pine Marten () With Humans and Domestic Cats on a Mediterranean Island.

Anthropogenic activities often lead to changes in the distribution and behavior of wild species. The mere presence of humans and free-roaming domestic cats () can affect wildlife communities; however, responses to these disturbances might not be ubiquitous and may vary with local conditions. We investigated European pine marten's () distribution on Elba Island, Italy, where the species is the only wild carnivore.

Measuring Strong, Skillful, Good and Transpersonal Will: The development of the Multidimensional Will Scale.

Background And Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to provide a scale to assess different aspects of the will based on Roberto Assagioli's theory.

Methods And Results: The scale development followed three steps. Step 1 focused on operationalizing the construct and developing the items.

Measuring Spiritual Well-being using a numerical rating scale: Additional evidence of the validity of the Well-being Numerical Rating Scales (WB-NRSs).

The Well-being Numerical Rating Scales (WB-NRSs) can be used to assess rapidly and accurately different types of well-being. However, the spiritual well-being scale showed slightly weaker psychometric properties. This study aimed to further investigate its suitability in measuring spiritual well-being.

Should I Stay or Should I Go? Seasonal Fluctuations of Wood Mouse Populations in Fields Surrounded by Woodlands.

The wood mouse is common in woodlands and open areas of the Western Palearctic. Despite extensive research, little is known about its population ecology in fields in the Mediterranean area, where the climate involves great seasonal changes in environmental features. Here, we investigated wood mice seasonal fluctuations in the number of captures and population structure by sampling long-fallow fields and woodlands, i.

Needs evaluation questionnaire for liver disease: a novel assessment of unmet needs in patients with chronic liver disease.

Patients with chronic liver disease face debilitating complications in their daily living and constantly report several types of unmet needs, but there is a paucity of validated questionnaires to assess these needs. In this study, we present the development of the Needs Evaluation Questionnaire for Liver Diseases (NEQ-LD) for the assessment of unmet needs in patients with chronic liver disease. Two hundred eighty-six outpatients with chronic liver diseases from a single tertiary referral center completed the NEQ-LD and related validity measures.