Learning of clinical pharmacology by future prescribers in Bologna: Teachers' and students' reflections on the way forward.

Aims: In this reflection paper, the authors, based on their experience as teachers and students of the courses of Pharmacology at the University of Bologna, reflect on their specific roles towards innovation in the teaching of Clinical Pharmacology.

Methods: Strengths, weaknesses and challenges are presented as identified during the teaching and learning experience in the currently evolving medical degree programmes of the University in light of current trends in medical education.

Results: Keeping in mind the identified challenges together with the features proposed for the model prescriber (knowledgeable, contemporary, communicative and safe), we indicate some ways to improve the students' experience and make sure they develop up-to-date skills in Clinical Pharmacology taking advantage of recent ongoing collaborations at European level.

Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS).

Background: The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies.

Methods: A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of tSCI polytrauma patients with different specializations was established.

Is surgical resection predict overall survival in frail patients with glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype?

Purpose: We assessed the impact of frailty on surgical outcomes, survival, and functional dependency in elderly patients harboring a glioblastoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of old and frail patients surgical treated at a single neurosurgical institution between January 2018 to May 2021. Inclusion criteria were: (1) neuropathological diagnosis of glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype; (2) patient≥65years at the time of surgery; (3) available data to assess the frailty index according to the 5-modified Frailty Index (5-mFI).

External Ventricular Drainage: A Practical Guide for Neuro-Anesthesiologists.

External ventricular drainage is often considered a life-saving treatment in acute hydrocephalus. Given the large number of discussion points, the ideal management of EVD has not been completely clarified. The objective of this study was to review the most relevant scientific evidence about the management of EVD in its main clinical scenarios.