Disruptive papers - A novel bibliometric tool not yet ready for primetime in pediatric urology.

Background: Historically, word of mouth, total citation count, H-index, and expert opinion were some of the primary metrics used to identify the most influential papers. This method is subject to significant bias. The disruption score was initially created with the intent of measuring the degree to which a publication introduces a new idea, is repeatedly referenced and may be used as an additional publication evaluation metric.

Identifying disruptive papers in pharmacy literature that changed clinical practice: 1954-2014.

Disclaimer: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Early Evolution and the Last Common Ancestor.

The early evolution of life spans an extensive period preceding the emergence of the first eukaryotic cell. This epoch, which transpired from 4.5 to 2.

Molecular mechanisms of zymosan-induced inflammasome activation in macrophages.

Zymosan is a β-glucan-rich component derived from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extensively used in research for its potent immunomodulatory properties. It can prompt inflammatory responses such as peritonitis and arthritis, and is particularly used to study the immune response to fungal particles. Although the zymosan induced-release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β by macrophages is an essential mechanism for combating fungal infection and inducing inflammation, the exact processes leading to its release remain not well understood.