Assessment of Different Newcastle Disease Virus Antigens and Inactivators of Binary Ethylene Amine and Formalin for the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay.

Newcastle disease is a severe viral threat to the global poultry industry due to its high prevalence and rapid transmission. Evaluating vaccination timing and effectiveness is crucial, often accomplished through the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. This test relies on the virus's agglutination ability in certain animals, utilizing various inactivated antigens.

Assessing the built environment through photographs and its association with obesity in 21 countries: the PURE Study.

Background: The built environment can influence human health, but the available evidence is modest and almost entirely from urban communities in high-income countries. Here we aimed to analyse built environment characteristics and their associations with obesity in urban and rural communities in 21 countries at different development levels participating in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study.

Methods: Photographs were acquired with a standardised approach.

Use of Cardiovascular Disease Secondary Prevention Medications in Four Middle East Countries in a Community Setting.

Background: Evidence-based International clinical practice guidelines, universally recommend secondary prevention medications for those with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is limited data on the community use of these medications in the Middle East (ME).

Objectives: This study assesses the use and predictors of evidence based secondary prevention medications in individuals with a history of CVD [coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke].

Effectiveness of training parturition and dystocia management on days open of dairy cows in traditional farming systems: a field trial.

The interval between parturition and subsequent pregnancy is called the days open or calving to conception interval and is affected by several factors, especially dystocia. Dystocia is an ab-normal or difficult calving that may require assistance during labor. This study is a field trial in health education and the research team developed a comprehensive training program for farmers to educate them about the normal process of parturition in dairy cows and when and how to assist in parturition or dystocia.

Associations of the glycaemic index and the glycaemic load with risk of type 2 diabetes in 127 594 people from 20 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

Background: The association between the glycaemic index and the glycaemic load with type 2 diabetes incidence is controversial. We aimed to evaluate this association in an international cohort with diverse glycaemic index and glycaemic load diets.

Methods: The PURE study is a prospective cohort study of 127 594 adults aged 35-70 years from 20 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries.