Pen needle use patterns in an insured population with diabetes: U.S. retrospective claims analysis.

Background: People with diabetes who inject insulin with pen devices may reuse the pen needles (PNs), a practice that can cause PN tip deformity, breakage, and contamination, and that is associated with lipohypertrophy and injection-related pain.

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to estimate the extent of PN reuse among people with diabetes in 2 insured populations in the United States.

Methods: Using claims data for Commercial Fully Insured (CFI) and Medicare Advantage (MA) populations from 1-Oct-2018 to 31-Dec-2022, we identified adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) who had ≥ 1 claim for PNs and ≥ 2 claims for insulin from 1-Jan-2019 to 31-Dec-2021, with continuous medical/pharmacy eligibility for 3 months before first claim and 1 year after (follow-up).

The Abca7 variant reduces Aβ generation, plaque load, and neuronal damage.

Background: Variants in ABCA7, a member of the ABC transporter superfamily, have been associated with increased risk for developing late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).

Methods: CRISPR-Cas9 was used to generate an Abca7 variant in mice, modeling the homologous human ABCA7 variant, and extensive characterization was performed.

Results: Abca7 microglia show differential gene expression profiles upon lipopolysaccharide challenge and increased phagocytic capacity.

Enhancer Clusters Drive Type I Interferon-Induced TRAIL Overexpression in Cancer, and Its Intracellular Protein Accumulation Fails to Induce Apoptosis.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine produced and secreted by immune cells in response to an infection, often in response to interferon (IFN) stimulation. In cancer, it has also been shown that IFN stimulates the production of TRAIL, and it has been proposed that this TRAIL can induce apoptosis in an autocrine or paracrine manner in different cancer cells. Yet, the mechanism mediating TRAIL upregulation and the implications of TRAIL as an apoptotic molecule in cancer cells are still poorly understood.

Cost-Effectiveness of Apomorphine Sublingual Film as an "On-Demand" Treatment for "OFF" Episodes in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

"On-demand" treatments approved in the United States (US) for "OFF" episodes in Parkinson's disease (PD) include apomorphine hydrochloride injection (SC-APO), apomorphine sublingual film (APL), and levodopa inhalation powder (CVT-301). APL received US approval in 2020, and its cost-effectiveness has not been compared with SC-APO and CVT-301. To develop a cost-effectiveness analysis model comparing APL versus SC-APO and CVT-301 for treatment of patients with PD experiencing "OFF" episodes from a US payer perspective.

Indirect comparison of apomorphine sublingual film and levodopa inhalation powder for Parkinson's disease 'OFF' episodes.

To compare efficacy of apomorphine sublingual film (APL) and levodopa inhalation powder (CVT-301) for 'on-demand' treatment of Parkinson's disease 'OFF' episodes. Patient-level data from an APL pivotal study were re-weighted to match average baseline characteristics from a CVT-301 study (SPAN-PD). Placebo-adjusted treatments were compared at week 12.