Methylation of trimethyltin compounds by estuarine sediments.

Both biologically active and autoclaved sediments convert trimethyltin hydroxide to the volatile tetramethyltin. Larger amounts of tetramethyltin were formed in the bioactive sediments than in the sterile sediments. No volatile tin compounds were detected in the absence of trimethyltin hydroxide or from trimethyltin hydroxide in seawater or in seawater containing bentonite.

Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage-type of Salmonella oranienburg obtained from hospitalized patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.

During a survey in Jakarta, Indonesia, 158 cultures of Salmonella oranienburg, consisting of two phage types, were obtained from 150 hospitalized patients with diarrhoea. Phage type I, though found notably in young children, was found in all age groups while phage type II was found almost exclusively in young children aged 0-7 years. Phage type I may produce a more severe clinical picture affecting all age groups alike, while phage type II may result in hospitalization of only the very young, who are more susceptible to dehydration.

Control of an estuarine microfouling sequence on optical surfaces using low-intensity ultraviolet irradiation.

Ultraviolet light has been investigated as an active energy input for the control of slime film formation on optical surfaces submerged in San Francisco Bay for periods up to 6 weeks. Irradiation of quartz underwater windows was carried out from three positions: (i) exterior to the window, (ii) from directly behind the window, and (iii) from the edge of the window with the ultraviolet (UV) energy refracted through the front of the window. Internally administered irradiation reaching levels of 10 to 30 muW per cm measurable at the glass surface was effective in preventing bacterial slime film formation and settlement of metazoan larvae.