The features of Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Retroviridae: ) non-A6 variants, characteristic for the Russian Federation.

Introduction: Tat protein is a trans-activator of HIV-1 genome transcription, with additional functions including the ability to induce the chronic inflammatory process. Natural amino acid polymorphisms in Tat may affect its functional properties and the course of HIV infection. The aim of this work is to analyze the marks of Tat consensus sequences in non-A6 HIV-1 variants characteristic of the Russian Federation, as well as study natural polymorphisms in Tat CRF63_02A6 and subtype B variants circulating in Russia.

Variability of non-structural proteins of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1, sub-subtype A6) variants circulating in different regions of the Russian Federation.

Introduction: HIV-1 non-structural proteins are promising targets for vaccine development and for creating approaches to personalized medicine. HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 has become the dominating strain in Russia. However, the geographic, economic and demographic characteristics of the country can contribute to the formation of differences between A6 variants circulating in different regions.

NKp46 ILC3s promote early neutrophil defense against infection through GM-CSF secretion.

infection (CDI) is a common cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. proliferates and produces toxins that damage the colonic epithelium, leading to symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis. The host's innate response to CDI occurs in two phases: an early phase in which neutrophils reduce the bacterial load and a late phase involving repair mechanisms to restore epithelial integrity.

Multidimensional profiling of human T cells reveals high CD38 expression, marking recent thymic emigrants and age-related naive T cell remodeling.

Thymic involution is a key factor in human immune aging, leading to reduced thymic output and a decline in recent thymic emigrant (RTE) naive T cells in circulation. Currently, the precise definition of human RTEs and their corresponding cell surface markers lacks clarity. Analysis of single-cell RNA-seq/ATAC-seq data distinguished RTEs by the expression of SOX4, IKZF2, and TOX and CD38 protein, whereby surface CD38 expression universally identified CD8 and CD4 RTEs.