Long-Term Thermal Stability of Ionic Surfactants for Improving Oil Production at High-Salinity High-Temperature Conditions.

Surfactants with stable chemical structures and robust ability are required to lower interfacial tension and stabilize emulsions for successful chemical injection applications. This work selected six surfactants, dodecyl carboxylic sodium (LAS), dodecyl sulfonate dodecyl sodium (SLS), dodecyl sulfate sodium (SDS), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), 3-(,-dimethylmyristylammonio) propanesulfonate (SB3-14) and a sulfobetaine formulation (PCT-10), and systematically investigated the ionic-type effects on thermal stability at 95 °C for 150 days in high-salinity water (total dissolved solids (TDS) = 57,600 ppm). With characterizations of aged samples performed through a spinning drop tensiometer, high-performance liquid chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy, it can be seen that the long-term stability sequence of ionic surfactants in solutions is sulfobetaine ≈ quaternary ammonium > sulfonate > sulfate > carboxylate.

An experimental workflow to assess the applicability of microemulsions for conformance improvement in oil-bearing reservoir.

A comprehensive workflow approach is necessary to link multiple experimental tasks and identify microemulsion (ME) formulations with 'optimal' stability, displacement behavior and technical feasibility in the petroleum industry. In this paper, a systematic approach is described with the aid of a case study which involves the formulation of an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate-based microemulsion. The design of such ME systems requires a proper methodology, substantial laboratory work, and functional assessment from research/industrial viewpoints.

The potential role of nursing students in the implementation of community-based hypertension screening programs in Sudan.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health problems worldwide, and it is possible to reduce their burden through effective HTN screening and treatment programs. It may be feasible to incorporate such programs in the community outreach activities of nursing and medical schools in Sudan.

Methods: Village inhabitants in the Northern state of Sudan were invited to attend a free clinic for screening of hypertension as well as for follow up and treatment of persons with previously diagnosed hypertension.

A carbocyclic nucleoside analogue is a TNF-alpha inhibitor with immunosuppressive action: role of prostaglandin E2 and protein kinase C and comparison with pentoxifylline.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with several acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. New therapies directed at inhibiting TNF-alpha will be important in treating pathological processes mediated by TNF-alpha. In this study, we studied and compared the effect of the carbocyclic nucleoside analogue (9-[(1R, 3R)-trans-cyclopentan-3-ol] adenine) with pentoxifylline on modulating TNF-alpha production.