The nature of an ultra-faint galaxy in the cosmic dark ages seen with JWST.

In the first billion years after the Big Bang, sources of ultraviolet (UV) photons are believed to have ionized intergalactic hydrogen, rendering the Universe transparent to UV radiation. Galaxies brighter than the characteristic luminosity L* (refs. ) do not provide enough ionizing photons to drive this cosmic reionization.

Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies CARM1 and DNMT3A as genes associated with osteoporosis.

To identify new candidate genes in osteoporosis, mainly involved in epigenetic mechanisms, we compared whole gene-expression in osteoblasts (OBs) obtained from women undergoing hip replacement surgery due to fragility fracture and severe osteoarthritis. Then, we analyzed the association of several SNPs with BMD in 1028 women. Microarray analysis yielded 2542 differentially expressed transcripts belonging to 1798 annotated genes, of which 45.

Iron absorption: biochemical and molecular insights into the importance of iron species for intestinal uptake.

Recent advances in cloning of proteins involved in intestinal iron absorption can inform design and understanding of therapeutic iron preparations. Redox chemistry of iron is particularly important in iron metabolism, both as a potential source of toxic intermediates and as an essential requirement for efficient iron transport. The initial step in iron absorption (uptake from lumen to mucosa) is particularly important and several pathways involving Fe(III) reduction or transport and Fe(II) transport have been identified.

Involvement of iron (ferric) reduction in the iron absorption mechanism of a trivalent iron-protein complex (iron protein succinylate).

Iron protein succinylate is a non-toxic therapeutic iron compound. We set out to characterise the structure of this compound and investigate the importance of digestion and intestinal reduction in determining absorption of the compound. The structure of the compound was investigated by variable temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy, molecular size determinations and kinetics of iron release by chelators.

Thyroid-specific gene expression in the multi-step process of thyroid carcinogenesis.

Thyroid-specific transcription factors TTF-1 and Pax-8 play a decisive role in the determination and maintenance of cellular phenotype activating thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) and the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene transcription. In the present work, we have studied the expression of TTF-1 and Pax-8 and their target genes in samples derived from thyroid neoplasms of follicular origin, as well as in medullary carcinoma (MTC), obtained from surgery or from fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. The results show that TTF-1 and Pax-8 are expressed in well differentiated adenomas and that their expression decreases in less differentiated papillary and follicular carcinomas and is lost in undifferentiated anaplastic carcinomas.