Krukenberg Tumor Related to Gallbladder Cancer in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

A gallbladder tumor is a rare condition, which usually spreads to the liver, lymph nodes, and other organs. A Krukenberg tumor, derived from the biliary tract and gallbladder cancers (GBCs), is an uncommon finding in routine clinical practice. Here, a case of a young woman with a Krukenberg tumor related to a previous diagnosis of GBC is reported.

Physiological and Aberrant γ-Globin Transcription During Development.

The expression of the fetal Gγ- and Aγ-globin genes in normal development is confined to the fetal period, where two γ-globin chains assemble with two α-globin chains to form αγ tetramers (HbF). HbF sustains oxygen delivery to tissues until birth, when β-globin replaces γ-globin, leading to the formation of αβ tetramers (HbA). However, in different benign and pathological conditions, HbF is expressed in adult cells, as it happens in the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, in anemias and in some leukemias.

Perinatal environment and endometriosis.

Background/aims: Perinatal environmental exposure may affect fetal development and reprogram the developing organism for adult-onset disease. In this case-control study, we aimed at assessing this pathogenetic model in endometriosis.

Methods: Consecutive patients with a first laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis were selected as cases.

Endometriosis and estroprogestins: the chicken or the egg causality dilemma.

Dysmenorrhea as a reason to initiate estroprogestins is significantly more common in women with endometriosis than in women without the disease. This might explain the previously reported mild association between endometriosis and past use of oral contraceptives.

Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Combined oral contraceptives (OCs) inhibit ovulation, substantially reduce the volume of menstrual flow and may hypothetically interfere with implantation of refluxed endometrial cells. The aim of this review is to establish if OC use influences the risk of endometriosis.

Methods: We performed a MEDLINE search to identify all studies published in the last four decades (January 1970 to January 2010) in the English language on the relationship between OC exposure and risk of endometriosis.