The generation, interconversion, and reactivity of electrophilic species generated upon activation of nitroalkanes with protic acids (the Nef and Meyer reactions) were investigated by quantum-chemical calculations. ,-Bis(hydroxy)iminium (RC═N(OH)) and -oxoiminium (RC═N═O) cations were shown to be produced independently from -nitroalkanes, while -hydroxynitrilium cations (RC≡N-OH) were formed via nearly barrierless C-H bond cleavage in -oxoiminium cations. The -oxoiminium and -hydroxynitrilium cations whose formation is favored under highly acidic anhydrous conditions are strong electrophiles capable of reacting even with nonactivated arenes under ambient conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSum frequency generation (SFG) has multiple applications, from optical sources to imaging, where efficient conversion requires either long interaction distances or large field concentrations in a quadratic nonlinear material. Metasurfaces provide an essential avenue to enhanced SFG due to resonance with extreme field enhancements with an integrated ultrathin platform. In this work, we formulate a general theoretical framework for multi-objective topology optimization of nanopatterned metasurfaces that facilitate high-efficiency SFG and simultaneously select the emitted direction and tailor the metasurface polarization response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF, a new species in Bomi County, Xizang, China, was described and illustrated. In addition, , previously only known from Nepal and Bhutan, is newly recorded from Dingri County, Xizang, China. The phylogenetic placement of both species within the genus was analysed using nine plastid DNA markers (, , , , , , , , ).
View Article and Find Full Text PDF