The Polygenic Nature of Multiple Sclerosis: Genetic Variants, Immunological Modulation, and Environmental Connections.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a debilitating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, is significantly influenced by polygenic variations. Although the precise cause of MS remains unclear, it is believed to arise from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Recent investigations have focused on the polygenic nature of genetic alterations linked to MS risk.

Disruptions in cellular communication: Molecular interplay between glutamate/NMDA signalling and MAPK pathways in neurological disorders.

Neurological disorders significantly impact the central nervous system, contributing to a growing public health crisis globally. The spectrum of these disorders includes neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. This manuscript reviews the crucial roles of cellular signalling pathways in the pathophysiology of these conditions, focusing primarily on glutaminase/glutamate/NMDA receptor signalling, alongside the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways-ERK1/2, C-JNK, and P38 MAPK.

TMP: A dual modulator of apoptosis and autophagy via SHP-1 regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant health burden due to its high incidence, and current treatment effectiveness is hindered by drug resistance. Thus, investigation of novel therapeutic approaches derived from natural sources is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Aims: This study aimed to explore the potential of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), bioactive alkaloid (ligustrazine) isolated from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum Wallichii), in targeting HCC by inducing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy.

A Successful Kidney Transplant in a Patient With Hemophilia C.

Hemophilia C is a rare bleeding disorder, and such patients with chronic kidney disease are at risk for bleeding during kidney transplant surgery. Kidney transplant patients with hemophilia C can be managed meticulously through a protocol to maintain a coagulation profile in the reference range. Here, we present a case study that focused on a treatment protocol for a patient with chronic kidney disease and hemophilia C who underwent kidney transplant surgery.

Smart polymers: key to targeted therapeutic interventions.

Smart polymers represent a class of advanced materials that undergo reversible changes in their physical or chemical form and are known as responsive polymers. These polymers show transitions when external stimuli, such as temperature and pH, come into play. Smart polymers are being increasingly applied in various fields, such as drug delivery to a targeted site and gene therapy.