Scaling theory for homogenization of the Maxwell equations.

A scaling theory for homogenization of the Maxwell equations is developed upon the representation of any field as a sum of its dipole, quadrupole, and magnetic dipole moments. This representation is exact and is connected neither with multipole expansion nor with the Helmholtz theorem. A chain of hierarchical equations is derived to calculate the moments.

Fetal skin biopsy in prenatal diagnosis of some genodermatoses.

Various methods of obtaining fetal skin for prenatal diagnosis of certain autosomal-recessive congenital genodermatoses have been assessed. An attempt was made to obtain fetal skin by fetoscopy in 15 patients prior to pregnancy termination for a variety of medical reasons at 18-26 weeks. Specimens were obtained only in five cases (8 successful attempts out of 48).