Urinary albumin excretion and chronic kidney disease in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

Background: Albuminuria is a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in various glomerular diseases. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) often progresses to CKD, and study is required of use of albuminuria as a biomarker for this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or filtration fraction (FF) in children with VUR.

[Proceedings: The evaluation of the mixed venous O2-saturation in the oxymetric determination of heart minute volume and shunt size].

An investigation has been conducted into three groups of patients without intracardiac shunt (A: 59 adults without anesthesia, B: 58 children in anesthesia, C: 53 children without anesthesia). Oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery was plotted against saturation in both venae cavae or against saturation in only one of them. The resulting 9 equations can be used as formulas to calculate the saturation of mixed venous blood in patients with an intracardiac shunt.

[Proceedings: Cardiac therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency].

The cardiac problems of patients with chronic respiratory failure are not confined to cor pulmonale. About one half of these patients also suffer from coronary heart disease with left heart failure, angina pectoris or arrhythmias. The specific difficulties surrounding cardiac therapy in these patients chiefly arise from the administration of digitalis, beta-adrenergic blocking and beta-adrenergic stimulating agents.

[Computation of mixed venous oxygen saturation in intracardial shunts and its dependence on age, anesthesia and premedication].

In patients with an intracardiac shunt, the oxygen saturation of the mixed venous blood cannot be measured, but it must be estimated from the oxygen saturation in the superior and in the inferior vena cava. We have evaluated the results of patients who had definitively no shunt and who had been catheterized for other reasons. Based on statistical principles we developed formulas to calculate the oxygen saturation of the mixed venous blood.