High-Statistics Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron Spectrum with H.E.S.S.

Owing to their rapid cooling rate and hence loss-limited propagation distance, cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CRe) at very high energies probe local cosmic-ray accelerators and provide constraints on exotic production mechanisms such as annihilation of dark matter particles. We present a high-statistics measurement of the spectrum of CRe candidate events from 0.3 to 40 TeV with the High Energy Stereoscopic System, covering 2 orders of magnitude in energy and reaching a proton rejection power of better than 10^{4}.

Enhanced generation of internal tides under global warming.

A primary driver of deep-ocean mixing is breaking of internal tides generated via interactions of barotropic tides with topography. It is important to understand how the energy conversion from barotropic to internal tides responds to global warming. Here we address this question by applying a linear model of internal tide generation to coupled global climate model simulations under a high carbon emission scenario.

On the role of seamounts in upwelling deep-ocean waters through turbulent mixing.

Turbulent mixing in the ocean exerts an important control on the rate and structure of the overturning circulation. However, the balance of processes underpinning this mixing is subject to significant uncertainties, limiting our understanding of the overturning's deep upwelling limb. Here, we investigate the hitherto primarily neglected role of tens of thousands of seamounts in sustaining deep-ocean upwelling.

Acceleration and transport of relativistic electrons in the jets of the microquasar SS 433.

SS 433 is a microquasar, a stellar binary system that launches collimated relativistic jets. We observed SS 433 in gamma rays using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.

A quantitative information measure applied to texture perception attributes during mastication.

We have calculated an entropy or information measure of previously reported experimentally determined temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) data of texture attributes for two sets of emulsion filled gels throughout the mastication cycle. The samples were emulsion filled gels and two-layered emulsion filled gels. We find that the entropy measure follows an average curve, which is different for each set.

The role of the antigen processing machinery in the regulation and trafficking of intracellular -Toll-like receptor molecules.

Intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system. Their expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and in particular dendritic cells (DCs), makes them critical in the induction of the adaptive immune response. In DCs, they interact with the chaperone UNC93B1 that mediates their trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes where they are cleaved by proteases and activated.

Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate.

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models.

Search for Dark Matter Annihilation Signals in the H.E.S.S. Inner Galaxy Survey.

The central region of the Milky Way is one of the foremost locations to look for dark matter (DM) signatures. We report the first results on a search for DM particle annihilation signals using new observations from an unprecedented γ-ray survey of the Galactic Center (GC) region, i.e.

Diffusion controls the ventilation of a Pacific Shadow Zone above abyssal overturning.

Mid-depth North Pacific waters are rich in nutrients and respired carbon accumulated over centuries. The rates and pathways with which these waters exchange with the surface ocean are uncertain, with divergent paradigms of the Pacific overturning: one envisions bottom waters upwelling to 1.5 km depth; the other confines overturning beneath a mid-depth Pacific shadow zone (PSZ) shielded from mean advection.

Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides.

Turbulent mixing in the ocean is key to regulate the transport of heat, freshwater and biogeochemical tracers, with strong implications for Earth's climate. In the deep ocean, tides supply much of the mechanical energy required to sustain mixing via the generation of internal waves, known as internal tides, whose fate-the relative importance of their local versus remote breaking into turbulence-remains uncertain. Here, we combine a semi-analytical model of internal tide generation with satellite and in situ measurements to show that from an energetic viewpoint, small-scale internal tides, hitherto overlooked, account for the bulk (>50%) of global internal tide generation, breaking and mixing.

Factors related to episiotomy practice: an evidence-based medicine systematic review.

Episiotomy practice is influenced by many factors studied in the scientific literature. Evidence-based medicine has isolated many factors that are linked to episiotomy practice, thus creating a need to group all these factors to create a relevant and useful database for scientific research. Based on the PRISMA methodology, the authors conducted a systematic literature review with the aim of covering this very need.

Socio-historical evolution of the episiotomy practice: A literature review.

Episiotomy is an enlargement of the vaginal orifice made by a surgical incision of the perineum. This review aimed to provide a socio-historical retrospective on the practice or episiotomy. Using the criteria from the PRISMA guidelines, the authors conducted a literature review, browsing twenty databases and several papers available in the gray literature.

The evolution of birth medicalisation: A systematic review.

First described at the beginning of the 1970s, the concept of birth medicalisation has experienced a theoretical and ideological evolution influenced by the lines of research that have been associated with it. This evolution has given rise to different schools of thought concerning medicalisation, but also various methodologies used in different scientific fields. It seems relevant to propose a global synthesis of the various lines of thought related to birth medicalisation.

Statistical trends of episiotomy around the world: Comparative systematic review of changing practices.

The authors' purpose for this article is to identify, review and interpret all publications about the episiotomy rates worldwide. Based on the criteria from the PRISMA guidelines, twenty databases were scrutinized. All studies which include national statistics related to episiotomy were selected, as well as studies presenting estimated data.

Abyssal ocean overturning shaped by seafloor distribution.

The abyssal ocean is broadly characterized by northward flow of the densest waters and southward flow of less-dense waters above them. Understanding what controls the strength and structure of these interhemispheric flows-referred to as the abyssal overturning circulation-is key to quantifying the ocean's ability to store carbon and heat on timescales exceeding a century. Here we show that, north of 32° S, the depth distribution of the seafloor compels dense southern-origin waters to flow northward below a depth of about 4 kilometres and to return southward predominantly at depths greater than 2.

Vertical ocean heat redistribution sustaining sea-ice concentration trends in the Ross Sea.

Several processes have been hypothesized to explain the slight overall expansion of Antarctic sea ice over the satellite observation era, including externally forced changes in local winds or in the Southern Ocean's hydrological cycle, as well as internal climate variability. Here, we show the critical influence of an ocean-sea-ice feedback. Once initiated by an external perturbation, it may be sufficient to sustain the observed sea-ice expansion in the Ross Sea, the region with the largest and most significant expansion.

[The practice of episiotomy in France 10 years after the recommendations of CNGOF: What inventory?].

Since its creation, the practice of episiotomy has evolved, being influenced by several factors. Various stances on its use were stated, until the eventual reduction of this practice, as suggested by numerous practical guides. In 2005, the National College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in France published its French Guidelines for Clinical practice in this area.

[Surface treatment of mineralized tissue: different approaches and prospects].

This paper review the effects of orthophosphoric acid and other acidic agents on dental enamel. The effects of other treatments such as proteolytic agents or of mixture able to remove the lipids are also described. Specific problems are related to the dentine treatment.

[Study of genetic markers of hepatitis B virus in 204 persons working in hospitals].

In this study we have shown that 20% of the staff of the University Hospital Center at Nancy have at least one genetic marker for hepatitis B virus. We believe that, given this relatively high incidence of infection, members of a hospital staff at high risk for infection should be screened by serologic tests in order to immunize only susceptible individuals. Conversely, in populations with low incidences of infection, immunization without prior serologic tests is preferable as it is less expensive.

[Study of the incidence of complement-fixing antibodies against the cytomegalovirus in 339 subjects].

The authors studied complement-fixing anticytomegalovirus antibodies in a population of 339 subjects, divided up into 8 groups, from birth to 60 years. The adult group consisted of blood donors. At birth, the new-born acquired temporary passive immunity from their mothers ; then they became actively immunised over the course of several years.