Private, non-profit, and plantation: Oil palm smallholders in management-assistance programs vary in socio-demographics, attitudes, and management practices.

Smallholder farmers produce over 40% of global palm oil, the world's most traded and controversial vegetable oil. Awareness of the effects of palm oil production on ecosystems and human communities has increased drastically in recent years, with ever louder calls for the private and public sector to develop programs to support sustainable cultivation by smallholder farmers. To effectively influence smallholder practices and ensure positive social outcomes, such schemes must consider the variety in perspectives of farmers and align with their priorities.

Sustainable disaster risk reduction training model for nurses: A descriptive qualitative approach.

Aim: To develop a sustainable disaster risk reduction training model for nurses and identify its key features.

Background: Available disaster nursing education and training programmes have focused on improving the competency of nurses in all four disaster phases, including mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. However, a limited programme is available that integrates nurses' competencies for all four disaster phases within one training system.

The Denser Canopy of Mangrove Drives the Structure of Insect Communities.

Mangrove restoration in Trenggalek, East Java has resulted an age variation of mangrove ecosystem. Diverse species of insects predominantly found in mangroves were collected using yellow pan traps, swipe nets and by direct picking from three different sites. This research was conducted from April until August 2015.

Soil carbon dioxide emissions from a rubber plantation on tropical peat.

Land-use change in tropical peatland potentially results in a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO) emissions owing to drainage, which lowers groundwater level (GWL) and consequently enhances oxidative peat decomposition. However, field information on carbon balance is lacking for rubber plantations, which are expanding into Indonesia's peatlands. To assess soil CO emissions from an eight-year-old rubber plantation established on peat after compaction, soil CO efflux was measured monthly using a closed chamber system from December 2014 to December 2015, in which a strong El Niño event occurred, and consequently GWL lowered deeply.