The Neem Limonoid Nimbolide Modulates Key Components of the DNA Damage Response Signalling in Cellular and Animal Models of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background: Deregulated DNA damage response (DDR) network is implicated in cancer progression and therapy resistance.

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate whether nimbolide, an anticancer neem limonoid, targets key components of the DDR signalling pathway in cellular and animal models of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods: OSCC cells (SCC-4 and SCC-9), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinoma model, chemoresistant OSCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model established in athymic nude mice, and tissue sections from patients with oral premalignant/malignant disease were used for the study.

Anti-cancer effects of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of . L against squamous cell carcinoma cell line 15 through apoptotic pathway.

Background: Oral cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases in developing nations. Currently, there has been a rise in the prevalence of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with a poor prognosis. The use of standard treatment approaches against oral cancer patients brings about several side effects.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-15 Cell Lines and its Effect On Expression of Bcl 2-associated X protein, B-cell C/Lymphoma 2 and p53 Genes.

Background: Due to their wide spectrum of phytochemical components and lack of side effects, the use of plants for the prevention and treatment of cancer has recently attracted increased attention. One among them is , commonly called soursop. According to recent investigations, several types of cancer have been successfully treated using this plant's extracts.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and pro-apoptotic effect of aqueous leaf extract of on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-15): An study.

Background: Oral cancer still represents the leading cause of mortality in India. Due to the drawbacks of current treatment options, a safe, low-cost therapy is the need of the hour. Recently, novel plant extracts with anti-cancer properties have gained greater attention.

Protein Drug Delivery Using a Novel Maxillofacial Technique Targeting the Visual Pathway in the Brain, the Optic Nerve, and the Retina.

Protein drugs are used for treating many diseases of the eye and the brain. The formidable blood neural barriers prevent the delivery of these drugs into the eye and the brain. Hence, there is a need for a protein drug delivery system to deliver large proteins across blood-neural barriers.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Introduction: Growing evidence has shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme capable of catalyzing prostaglandin production, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce the establishment of tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant conditions such oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in experimental models. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in OSCC and OSMF with the normal oral mucosa as control.

Evaluating the expression of GLUT-1 in oral leukoplakia.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of GLUT-1 in detection of early alterations occurring in oral leukoplakia. This study was to evaluate the expression of GLUT-1 in normal oral epithelium, the expression of GLUT-1 levels in the tissue samples of oral leukoplakia and to statistically compare the expression of GLUT-1 in normal epithelium and oral leukoplakia.

Materials And Methods: The study sample comprised formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 23 cases of histopathologically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 10 cases of normal oral mucosa.

Activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-kB Signaling Mediates Swedish Snus Induced Proliferation and Apoptosis Evasion in the Rat Forestomach: Modulation by Blueberry.

Background And Objectives: The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether the modulatory effects of blueberries on cell proliferation induced by Swedish snus in the rat forestomach epithelium is mediated via abrogation of the PI3K/Akt/NFκB signaling axis that regulates cell fate decision.

Methods: The transcript and protein expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis, as well as canonical PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways, were analyzed by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and ELISA. Expression profiling of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that influence PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling was undertaken.

Astaxanthin inhibits hallmarks of cancer by targeting the PI3K/NF-κΒ/STAT3 signalling axis in oral squamous cell carcinoma models.

Aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, a major driving force of diverse cellular processes has been implicated in tumour development and progression. Here, we report that astaxanthin (AXT), a potent antioxidant ketocarotenoid prevents cancer hallmarks by inhibiting PI3K/Akt and the associated downstream NF-κB and STAT-3 signalling pathways in SCC131 and SCC4 oral cancer cells as well as in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. Using small molecule inhibitors of NF-κB, STAT-3 and PI3K and by overexpression of PI3K, we provide evidence to show that AXT inhibits NF-κB and STAT-3 signalling and cancer hallmarks by restraining the kinase activity of PI3K/Akt.

Expression of Cluster of Differentiation 1a-Positive Langerhans Cells in Oral Lichen Planus.

Background/purpose: Lichen planus is a T-cell-mediated mucocutaneous disorder characterized histopathologically by a band of chronic inflammatory cells in the subepithelial zone and degeneration of basal layer. The present study was aimed to evaluate the distribution and quantitative assessment of cluster of differentiation 1a (CD1a)-positive Langerhans cells (LCs) in oral lichen planus (OLP), thus to determine the role of LCs pertaining to the changes occurring in OLP.

Materials And Methods: Five cases of normal oral mucosa and 20 cases of OLP were immunostained with CD1a antibody; the positive cells were counted manually in the photomicrographs and statistically analyzed using -test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Impact of stainless-steel welding fumes on proteins and non-coding RNAs regulating DNA damage response in the respiratory tract of Sprague-Dawley rats.

Substantial evidence has established the negative impact of inhalation exposure to welding fumes on respiratory functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of welding fume inhalation on expression of molecules that function as sensors, transducers and effectors of DNA damage response (DDR) in the respiratory tract of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were exposed to 50 mg/m stainless steel welding fumes for 1 h/d for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively.

Expression of β1integrin in normal epithelium, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction And Aims: The possible reason suggested for epithelial atrophy in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is ischemia. Dysregulation in the epithelial proliferation and maturation is also thought to be a cause. The β1 integrin identifies the oral epithelial stem cells.

Caspase-3 expression in normal oral epithelium, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Context: The epithelium atrophy, as the oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) progresses, is believed to be an after effect of stromal fibrosis, hyalinization, decrease in vascularity and cellularity and is considered as "ischemic atrophy." Due to hypoxia, caspase-3 get activation and subsequent decrease in viable cell count can occur.

Aims And Objectives: To determine caspase-3 expression in various grades of OSMF and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to find out whether upregulation of apoptosis is responsible for the epithelial changes in OSMF.

Buccal Micronuclei Assay as a Tool For Biomonitoring DNA Damage in Oral Lichen Planus.

Introduction: The malignant transformation rate of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is between 0% and 5.8%. Oral lesions of lichen planus clinically presents itself multifocally, simulating the process of field cancerization in high risk malignancies.

Evaluation of myofibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma using H1 calponin: An immunohistochemical study.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral mucosa. Stromal myofibroblasts play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis, due to its ability to modify the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the presence of myofibroblasts in normal mucosa, early invasive carcinoma and different grades of OSCC.

Myoepithelial Cells (MEC) of the Salivary Glands in Health and Tumours.

Myoepithelial cells (MEC) are found in the secretory units of many mammalian exocrine glands such as mammary, sweat, lacrimal and salivary glands. They are interposed between the secretory cells and the basal lamina. Immunohistochemically they are found to contain keratin intermediate filaments and are, therefore, considered to have an epithelial origin but at the same time they contain a large number of myofilaments which represent a massive expression of contractile proteins such as actin, myosin, calponin and caldesmon.

Osteopontin expression in reactive lesions of gingiva.

Reactive proliferations of the gingiva comprise lesions such as pyogenic granuloma (PG), inflammatory fibroepithelial hyperplasia (IFH), peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF), and peripheral giant cell lesion. Osteopontin (OPN) has a dual role, it promotes mineralization when it is bound to solid substrate, and on the other hand, it inhibits mineralization when it is seen in association with solution. Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the expression of osteopontin in normal gingival tissue and different types of focal reactive proliferations of gingival tissue, and its role in the development of calcification within it.

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the epithelial linings of odontogenic keratocyst, dentigerous cyst and radicular cyst: a pathological insight.

Background: The present study is aimed at analyzing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the epithelial lining of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), dentigerous cyst (DC), radicular cyst (RC) in order to understand the possible role of iNOS with special reference to its neoplastic nature and local aggressive of cysts.

Aim: The primary aim of the following study is to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS and secondary aim is to compare the iNOS expression, pattern and intensity of staining among the epithelial linings of OKC, DC and RC.

Materials And Methods: iNOS in the epithelial lining cells were analyzing in 10 OKC's, 10 DC's and 10 RC's using immunohistochemistry.

Central odontogenic fibroma of the maxilla.

The central odontogenic fibroma (COF) is a rare benign odontogenic mesenchymal tumor of jaw bones. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes two variants of COF namely: 1) Epithelial-rich type (WHO) and 2) epithelial-poor type (simple type). Rare variants like ossifying COF, COF associated with giant cell lesions, and amyloid have been documented.

Chlorophyllin abrogates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and angiogenesis to inhibit the development of DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinomas.

Background: Chlorophyllin, a water soluble semi-synthetic food-grade derivative is reported to exhibit a wide range of beneficial health effects. We investigated the effect of chlorophyllin supplementation on Wnt/β-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis model.

Methods And Results: Hamsters were divided into 4 groups.

Unusual presentation of nasopharyngeal (juvenile) angiofibroma in a 45 year old female.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a rare tumour, comprising 0.05% of the head and neck tumours, histologically benign, locally invasive, and has a specific predilection for nasopharynx and adolescent males. This article presents an unusual case of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in a 45-year-old female patient, manifesting as a destructive maxillary lesion and discusses the two most important factors regarding this tumour, the etio-pathogenesis and spread.