Metabolic, Cardiac, and Hemorheological Responses to Submaximal Exercise under Light and Moderate Hypobaric Hypoxia in Healthy Men.

We compared the effects of metabolic, cardiac, and hemorheological responses to submaximal exercise under light hypoxia (LH) and moderate hypoxia (MH) versus normoxia (N). Ten healthy men (aged 21.3 ± 1.

Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Taekwondo training on body composition and to evaluate the magnitude of the effect.

Methods: Databases were used to select studies related to the effectiveness of Taekwondo training, and the inclusion criteria were as follows.

Results: Thirty-seven studies were selected.

The Psychosocial Effects of Taekwondo Training: A Meta-Analysis.

Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and international sport, and its psychosocial benefits for its trainees have been studied extensively. This review aims to systematically assess and meta-analyze the effects of Taekwondo training on sociality, character, etiquette, and school life adjustment. We searched the RISS, NDSL, and KISS electronic databases between January 1985 and December 2019.

Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to present a standard and normal distribution of Taekwondo athletes' physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles using a systematic review. A systematic search was conducted using four Korean databases (Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library, DBpia, and Korean Studies Information Service System). From 2010 to 2020, we reviewed 838 papers on Taekwondo athletes' physical characteristics and physical fitness factors (e.

Estimated Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Based on Multistage 10-m Shuttle Run Test in Healthy Adults.

We aimed to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake (VOmax) based on a multistage 10 m shuttle run test (SRT) in healthy adults. For ANN-based VOmax estimation, 118 healthy Korean adults (59 men and 59 women) in their twenties and fifties (38.3 ± 11.

Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers.

Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers.

Effects of endurance exercise under hypoxia on acid-base and ion balance in healthy males.

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the acid-base and ion balance at rest and after exercise in healthy males under normoxia, moderate hypoxia, and severe hypoxia.

Methods: Ten healthy Korean males completed three different trials on different days, comprising exercise under normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%, N trial), moderate hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.

Effects of exercise training at lactate threshold and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress related variables in obese women.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diet plus exercise training and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress-related variables in obese women.

Methods: Twenty-five women in their 20s-40s with 30% body fat and body mass indices above 25 kg/m2 were divided into HRLT (heart rate at lactate threshold) and HRLT + 5% groups. Dietary intervention of 70% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and exercise treatment composed of aerobic exercises on a bicycle (30 min) and treadmill (30 min) were then performed.

Exposure and Exercise Training in Hypoxic Conditions as a New Obesity Therapeutic Modality: A Mini Review.

Obesity is an important health problem caused by positive energy balance. Generally, low calorie dietary intake combined with regular exercise is the most common modality to lose bodily fat in obese people. Although this is the first modality of choice for obesity treatment, it needs to be applied to obese patients for at least 12 weeks or more and it does not provide consistent results because it is difficult to suppress increased appetite due to exercise.

Effects of Taekwondo training on physical fitness factors in Korean elementary students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of Taekwondo training on the physical fitness factors in Korean elementary students comprehensively and quantitatively.

Methods: We classified research studies published until November 2018 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and selected a total of 17 research items; a meta-analysis of these items was then conducted. We used the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.

A modified D-max method to estimate heart rate at a ventilatory threshold during an incremental exercise test.

The purpose of this study was to design a modified D-max method to determine heart rate at a ventilatory threshold (HRVT) and to investigate whether this method would be valid during incremental exercise tests. The HRVT was estimated from a new parameter defined as HR at the maximal difference point between linearly- and quadratically approximated HR trends (modified D-max method). HR and ventilatory gas data for 105 subjects (53 males and 52 females; 38.

Development of an anaerobic threshold (HRLT, HRVT) estimation equation using the heart rate threshold (HRT) during the treadmill incremental exercise test.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a regression model to estimate the heart rate at the lactate threshold (HRLT) and the heart rate at the ventilatory threshold (HRVT) using the heart rate threshold (HRT), and to test the validity of the regression model.

Methods: We performed a graded exercise test with a treadmill in 220 normal individuals (men: 112, women: 108) aged 20-59 years. HRT, HRLT, and HRVT were measured in all subjects.

Effect on 12-week Intensive Dietary and Exercise Program on Weight Reduction and Maintenance in Obese Women with Weight Cycling History.

This study examined the effect of 12-week intensive dietary and exercise intervention program on body composition and stress-related hormones in obese women and to examine the residual effect after the intervention. The participants of this study were 30 obese women who had a body mass index of over 25 kg/m and over 30% in body fat. They were classified into 2 groups depending on the history of weight cycling (WC); the WC group (≥ ±5% of the original body weight) and the non-weight cycling (NWC) group.

Application of "living high-training low" enhances cardiac function and skeletal muscle oxygenation during submaximal exercises in athletes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the application of living high-training low (LHTL) on cardiac function and skeletal muscle oxygenation during submaximal exercises compared with that of living low-training low (LLTL) in athletes.

Methods: Male middle- and long-distance runners (n = 20) were randomly assigned into the LLTL group (n = 10, living at 1000-m altitude and training at 700-1330-m altitude) and the LHTL group (n = 10, living at simulated 3000-m altitude and training at 700-1330-m altitude). Their cardiac function and skeletal muscle oxygenation during submaximal exercises at sea level before and after training at each environmental condition were evaluated.

Four-week "living high training low" program enhances 3000-m and 5000-m time trials by improving energy metabolism during submaximal exercise in athletes.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of a 4-week living high training low (LHTL) versus a living low training low (LLTL) program on energy metabolism during submaximal exercise and 3000-m and 5000-m time trial (TT) in athletes.

Methods: Male athletes (n = 20) were randomly assigned to the LLTL (n = 10, living at 1000 m and training at 700-1330 m) and LHTL (n = 10, living at simulated 3000 m and training at 700-1330 m) groups. We compared energy metabolisms during submaximal exercise on a treadmill and aerobic exercise performance (3000 m and 5000 m TT) before and after 4 weeks of training.

A preliminary study of a running speed based heart rate prediction during an incremental treadmill exercise.

This preliminary study investigates feasibility of a running speed based heart rate (HR) prediction. It is basically motivated from the assumption that there is a significant relationship between HR and the running speed. In order to verify the assumption, HR and running speed data from 217 subjects of varying aerobic capabilities were simultaneously collected during an incremental treadmill exercise.

The Effect of 4 Weeks Fixed and Mixed Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT) on Respiratory Metabolic and Acid-base Response of Capillary Blood During Submaximal Bicycle Exercise in Male Elite Taekwondo Players.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of 4 weeks fixed and mixed intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) and its difference from exercise training at sea-level on exercise load, respiratory metabolic and acid-base response of capillary blood during 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) bicycle exercise in male elite Taekwondo players.

Methods: Male elite Taekwondo players (n = 25 out of 33) were randomly assigned to training at sea-level (n = 8, control group), training at 16.5%O (2000 m) simulated hypoxic condition (n = 9, fixed IHT group), and training at 14.

Effects of various acute hypoxic conditions on metabolic parameters and cardiac function during exercise and recovery.

Purpose: Evaluation of metabolic parameters and cardiac function is important to determine the decrease in aerobic exercise capacity under hypoxic conditions. However, the variations in metabolic parameters and cardiac function and the reasons for the decrease in aerobic exercise capacity under hypoxic conditions have not been clearly explained. The purpose of this study was to compare the responses between sea level and various acute normobaric hypoxic conditions on metabolic parameters and cardiac function during exercise and recovery in order to evaluate aerobic exercise capacity.

The effects of long-term whole-body vibration and aerobic exercise on body composition and bone mineral density in obese middle-aged women.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of whole-body passive vibration exercise and its differences from aerobic exercise on body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC).

Methods: Obese middle-aged women (n=33 out of 45) with 34±3% body fat completed the training protocol. They were randomly assigned into diet (n=9; control group), diet plus whole-body vibration exercise (n=13; vibration group), and diet plus aerobic exercise (n=11; aerobic group) groups and we compared their body composition, BMD, and BMC before and after 9 months of training.

Effects of various acute hypoxic conditions on the hemorheological response during exercise and recovery1.

Even though exercise hemorheology at hypoxic condition has been considered as a good tool to understand clinical hemorheology, there have been limited studies reported. Previous researches showed that hemorheological variables are closely correlated with oxygen delivery capacity during exercise. The present study investigated hypoxic responses including RBC deformability and aggregation, metabolic parameters and complete blood cell counts at various hypoxic conditions during cycling exercise and recovery.

Hemodynamic, Hematological, and Hormonal Responses to Submaximal Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia in Pubescent Girls.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate hemodynamic, hematological, and immunological responses to prolonged submaximal cycle ergometer exercise at a simulated altitude of 3000 m in pubescent girls.

Methods: Ten girls, 12.8 ± 1.