India's Silent Struggle: A Scoping Review on Postpartum Depression in the Land of a Billion Mothers.

Background: Postpartum emotional issues, including postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis, and postpartum depression (PPD), affect many mothers worldwide. The prevalence of postpartum blues ranges from 300 to 750 per 1,000 mothers, while postpartum psychosis has a prevalence of 0.89-2.

Is intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) for long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) more useful in children?-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: The utility of intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG)-guided resective surgery for pediatric long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) with antiseizure medication (ASM) resistant epilepsy is not supported by robust evidence. As epilepsy networks and their ramifications are different in children from those in adults, the impact of intraoperative ECoG-based tailored resections in predicting prognosis and influencing outcomes may also differ. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing the outcomes of resections with and without the use of ECoG in children and adults by a randomized study.

No evidence of compensatory changes in energy balance, despite reductions in body weight and liver fat, during dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (ENERGIZE).

Aim: This study assessed the impact of dapagliflozin on food intake, eating behaviour, energy expenditure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined brain response to food cues and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Materials And Methods: Patients were given dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with short-term (1 week) and long-term (12 weeks) cross-over periods. The primary outcome was the difference in test meal food intake between long-term dapagliflozin and placebo treatment.

Pterional Approach for Anterior Skull Base Midline Meningiomas against "The More The Merrier" Approach: An Institutional Experience.

 Anterior midline skull base meningiomas involving olfactory groove, planum sphenoidale, and tuberculum sellae were usually managed with bifrontal craniotomy until the dawn of advanced microsurgical techniques. With the emergence of microsurgical techniques, midline meningiomas could be tackled solely from a unilateral pterional approach. We present our experience with pterional approach in managing anterior skull base midline meningiomas, including the technical nuances and outcomes.

Swāsthya, an integrated chronic condition management programme for families of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Kerala is known as the diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) capital of the world, thus compelling health professionals to model strategies, addressing their social, behavioural, and cognitive risk factors and eliminating various barriers to management. This paper describes the protocol of our study that aims to examine the effectiveness and sustainability of an integrated care model for the management of chronic conditions and their risk factors through a family-based intervention. The proposed care model targets to modify systems and processes that predispose to chronic conditions by enhancing social cohesion and social networks, preventing lifestyle risks, developing iterative cognitive interventions, and engaging the family into customised treatment adherence strategies navigated by community health social workers (CHSWs).

Dapagliflozin (SGLT2-i) induced euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis.

Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) have become a popular therapeutic strategy in the management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary site of action of SGLT2-i is at the proximal renal convoluted tubule. They work by blocking SGLT2 receptors, sodium-dependent glucose co-transport molecules, which in turn prevents glucose reabsorption, facilitating glucosuria, improving glycaemic control as well as a moderate degree of weight loss.

A review of the mechanism of action, metabolic profile and haemodynamic effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors.

Inhibition of glucose transport in the kidney, to produce glucosuria and thus directly lower blood glucose seems a remarkably simple way to treat diabetes (type 1 or type 2). The development of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and their subsequent clinical development has on one hand shown this to be true, but at another level has helped reveal a complex web of interacting effects starting in the kidney and modulating multiple metabolic pathways in a variety of other organs. These underlie the now clear benefits of this class of drugs in the management of type 2 diabetes from glucose lowering, weight loss and blood pressure reduction through to the reductions in cardiovascular and renal complications observed in long-term outcomes trials.

Compensatory changes in energy balance during dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (ENERGIZE)-study protocol.

Introduction: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are effective blood-glucose-lowering medications with beneficial effects on body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, observed weight loss is less than that predicted from quantified glycosuria, suggesting a compensatory increase in energy intake or a decrease in energy expenditure. Studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) have suggested most body weight change is due to loss of adipose tissue, but organ-specific changes in fat content (eg, liver, skeletal muscle) have not been determined.

GLP-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention.

Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have multiple effects, including control of glycaemia via stimulation of insulin and suppression of glucagon secretion and reduction of adiposity by enhancing satiety, so are an attractive therapeutic option in type 2 diabetes management. Five GLP-1 RA are used currently and more are in development. The HbA1c reduction obtained varies from 1 to 2%; they reduce body weight by about 2-3kg when used to treat T2DM, while liraglutide results in greater weight loss at a higher dose and has recently been approved for the management of obesity.

Set individualized targets for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive, metabolic disorder caused by defects in insulin secretion and action resulting in hyperglycaemia. Fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, the oral glucose tolerance test and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) tests are all used in diagnosis. In patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or prediabetes there are minor variations in the risk of developing overt diabetes.

Positioning SGLT2 Inhibitors/Incretin-Based Therapies in the Treatment Algorithm.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the most recent addition to the therapeutic options available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and became available after the introduction of incretin-based therapies, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). These agents have potential advantages with regard to their weight loss-promoting effect, low risk of hypoglycemia, reduction in blood pressure, and reduction in cardiovascular events in high-risk patients (with empagliflozin). Apart from these clinically important outcomes, they may also correct core defects present in type 2 diabetes (i.

Energy balance and metabolic changes with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the latest addition to the class of oral glucose-lowering drugs. They have been rapidly adopted into clinical practice because of therapeutic advantages, including weight loss and reduction in blood pressure, in addition to glycaemic benefits and a low intrinsic risk of hypoglycaemia. Although there are extensive data on the clinical effects of SGLT2 inhibition, the metabolic effects of inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption have not been fully described.

Effectiveness of Metyrapone in Treating Cushing's Syndrome: A Retrospective Multicenter Study in 195 Patients.

Background: Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a severe condition with excess mortality and significant morbidity necessitating control of hypercortisolemia. There are few data documenting use of the steroidogenesis inhibitor metyrapone for this purpose.

Objective: The objective was to assess the effectiveness of metyrapone in controlling cortisol excess in a contemporary series of patients with CS.

Evolution in functionality of a metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (pNET) causing Cushing's syndrome: treatment response with chemotherapy.

Background: We report the case of a patient who had a non-functional metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (pNET), which changed in functionality during the course of the disease. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy in the management of select group of patients with this rare, challenging condition.

Case Presentation: Our patient was a 34 year old man under oncology follow up, diagnosed with a non-functional metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour treated with a Whipple's procedure two years ago.