Neurophysiological and Cognitive Changes Induced by the Acute Head-Down Tilt.

Introduction: In space, under weightlessness conditions, human brain activity is changed due to the shifting of body fluid and blood toward the cephalic region. This shifting leads to changes in cerebral hemodynamics and, consequently, neurophysiological function, which impacts mental functions like cognition and decision-making capabilities of space travelers. The present study reports the effect of acute exposure to simulated microgravity on cognitive functions and event-related potentials.

Automated Deep Learning-Based Detection and Segmentation of Lung Tumors at CT.

Background Detection and segmentation of lung tumors on CT scans are critical for monitoring cancer progression, evaluating treatment responses, and planning radiation therapy; however, manual delineation is labor-intensive and subject to physician variability. Purpose To develop and evaluate an ensemble deep learning model for automating identification and segmentation of lung tumors on CT scans. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted between July 2019 and November 2024 using a large dataset of CT simulation scans and clinical lung tumor segmentations from radiotherapy plans.

Role of Adenosine A1 Receptor in Sleep Deprivation-Induced Neuroinflammation: Insights on Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Fear Extinction Memory Recall in Rats.

Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD), stemming from a myriad of aetiologies, is a prevalent health condition frequently overlooked. It typically impairs memory consolidation and synaptic plasticity, potentially through neuroinflammatory mechanisms and adenosinergic signalling. It is still unclear whether the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) modulates SD-induced neurological deficits in the hippocampus.

Understanding the regulatory-procurement interface for medicines in Africa via publicly available information on standards, implementation, and enforcement in five countries.

Background: Substandard and falsified medicines in Africa are a major public health concern. Access to quality medical products in African countries is governed in large part by two major entities at the national level: the regulatory authority and the procurement agency. The importance of national regulators in ensuring quality medical products is well known.

Barriers to breast cancer care and recommendations for improving services: findings from a UK qualitative study with an Asian Women's Cancer Support Group.

Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 15% of all new cases in women. Evidence still points to disparities in outcomes linked to ethnicity and screening uptake is overall lower in South Asians than the White population. We investigated the experiences and perceptions of Gujarati Hindu community members on their 'cancer journeys'.

Single-cell profiling aligns CD56 and cytomegalovirus-induced adaptive natural killer cells to a naïve-memory relationship.

Development of antigen-specific memory upon pathogen exposure is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. While natural killer (NK) cells are considered part of the innate immune system, humans exposed to the chronic viral pathogen cytomegalovirus (CMV) often possess a distinct NK cell population lacking in individuals who have not been exposed, termed "adaptive" NK cells. To identify the "naïve" population from which this "memory" population derives, we performed phenotypic, transcriptional, and functional profiling of NK cell subsets.

The effect of varying thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as apical plugs on the fracture resistance of teeth with simulated open apices: a comparative study.

Background: This study evaluates the fracture resistance of apical plugs created from Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in thicknesses of 3 and 5 mm within simulated open apex tooth models.

Methods: Fifty human maxillary central incisors were obtained from a pool of freshly extracted teeth. In order to replicate open apices without cavity preparation, ten teeth in the control group received apical-to-coronal preparation with Peeso reamers.

Outcomes Based on Histological Tumor Necrosis and Predictive Clinical and Laboratory Parameters for Necrosis in Children With Osteosarcoma Treated on a Non-High Dose Methotrexate-Based Chemotherapy Backbone.

Background: Histopathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) measured as tumor necrosis (TN) has been reported to be prognostic post-high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX)-based chemotherapy. We studied this on a non-HDMTX chemotherapy backbone.

Materials And Methods: Children ≤15 years, with osteosarcoma treated on OGS-2012 protocol and surgery post NACT from January 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.

A Comprehensive Review of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Innovations and Applications in Breast Cancer Treatment.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) represent a promising advancement in the treatment of breast cancer, addressing the significant challenges posed by conventional chemotherapy, such as poor drug solubility, short half-lives, and high toxicity. This review delves into the potential of NLCs to overcome these limitations, highlighting their unique structure comprising a solid and lipid liquid core stabilized by surfactants. By examining diverse lipid blends used in the preparation of NLCs, the article emphasizes their suitability for targeted drug delivery.

Resolution of chyluria due to congenital malformation with a minimally invasive procedure.

Milky white urine is most commonly due to chyluria secondary to filariasis, though other causes of milky white urine and other etiologies of chyluria must be considered. Evaluation of a 3-year-old girl with milky white urine demonstrated chyluria, but testing for filariasis was negative despite a history of travel to an endemic region. Magnetic resonance lymphangiography demonstrated a congenital lymphatic malformation, which was repaired following this minimally invasive imaging technique.

Risk of Bias When Using Early Failure Criteria in Randomized Clinical Trials With Stereoacuity Outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of early failure criteria for participants in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on overall trial conclusions.

Method: We simulated 10,000 hypothetical RCTs with 2 treatments, 1 linear improvement and 1 with increasing rate of improvement and 6 follow-up visits. Each RCT had 400 participants, with the same baseline stereoacuity distribution.

Interstitial ectopic pregnancy, a rare clinical phenomenon diagnosed asymptomatically on routine work up in Tanzania: Case report.

Introduction: Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is a rare but life-threatening condition, accounting for 2.4 % of all ectopic pregnancies. Diagnosing it can be challenging, as the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube allows for delayed rupture due to its capacity to expand, often leading to significant haemorrhage.

A personal sensing technology enabled service versus a digital psychoeducation control for primary care patients with depression and anxiety: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: Technology-enabled services (TES; clinical services that include both technology-driven [e.g., personal sensing technologies] and person-powered support elements) may address gaps in depression and anxiety treatments in healthcare settings.

Green RP-HPLC method for the estimation of carfilzomib in bulk, protein nanocarriers and human plasma: Application of chemometrics and Monte-Carlo simulations.

Carfilzomib is a tetrapeptide epoxyketone that has shown potential clinical outcomes in the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, inaccuracies in quantifying such peptide drug products have arisen due to poor stability, low solubility, time-consuming techniques, complex physicochemical properties, and use of non-green solvents with less recyclability. This provides a substantial urge to develop an ecological and sensitive analytical method for quantifying peptide drugs from matrix formulation and biological samples in early as well as lateral stages of product development in pharma industries.

Potent neutralization by a RBD antibody with broad specificity for SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 and other variants.

SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a public health burden, driven in-part by its continued antigenic diversification and resulting emergence of new variants. By increasing herd immunity, current vaccines have improved infection outcomes for many. However, prophylactic and treatment interventions that are not compromised by viral evolution of the Spike protein are still needed.

Development of a prognostic signature for overall survival using peripheral blood biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Background: We previously reported in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), pretreatment higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and absolute (abx) neutrophils as well as lower percent (%) lymphocytes correlated with worse overall survival (OS). In this study we aimed to develop a prognostic signature for HNSCC treated with ICIs using these peripheral blood biomarkers (PBBMs).

Methods: Adults with R/M HNSCC treated with ICIs at our institution from 08/2012 to 03/2021 with pretreatment PBBMs were included.

Altered Spike Immunoglobulin G Fc N-Linked Glycans Are Associated With Hyperinflammatory State in Adult Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Background: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) are characterized by excessive inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In adults, disease severity is associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc afucosylation, which induces proinflammatory cytokine secretion from innate immune cells. This study aimed to define spike IgG Fc glycosylation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and children and following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in adults and the relationships between glycan modifications and cytokines/chemokines.

The role of isothiocyanate-rich plants and supplements in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review and update.

Neuroinflammation in response to environmental stressors is an important common pathway in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Responses to immune-mediated stress can lead to epigenetic changes and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Isothiocyanates (ITC) have shown promise in combating oxidative stress and inflammation in the nervous system as well as organ systems.

Emerging advances in nano-biomaterial assisted amyloid beta chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-M) therapy: reducing plaque burden in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form, accounting for 60-70% of 55 million dementia cases. Even though the precise pathophysiology of AD is not completely understood, clinical trials focused on antibodies targeting aggregated forms of β amyloid (Aβ) have demonstrated that reducing amyloid plaques can arrest cognitive decline in patients in the early stages of AD. In this study, we provide an overview of current research and innovations for controlled release from nano-biomaterial-assisted chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M) therapeutic strategies targeted at AD.

Breast cancer molecular subtype classification according to immunohistochemistry markers and its association with pathological characteristics among women attending tertiary hospitals in Tanzania.

Background: Breast cancer immunohistochemistry is a biological characteristic of the tumour which has a role to diagnose molecular subtype, prognosticate and guide treatment and is categorised into 4 subtypes. Data in Tanzania was lacking and was based off data extrapolated from studies in Western Africa thus hypothesizing that women of African ancestry predominately develop Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC).

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at two tertiary referral hospitals on participants who were recruited from the cancer registries from 2015 to 2022.

Association Between the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Durvalumab and Myasthenia Gravis: A Comprehensive Review.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including Imfinzi (durvalumab), have revolutionized cancer treatment by stimulating the body's immune system to target cancerous cells. Although pharmaceuticals offer therapeutic benefits, several drugs have been associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including the uncommon but serious condition known as myasthenia gravis (MG). This review synthesizes data from pertinent research to offer a thorough evaluation of the literature on the underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches for durvalumab-induced MG.

Stereotactic Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: 10-Year Outcomes From Three Prospective Trials.

Purpose: SABR is growingly accepted for the treatment of localized prostate cancer with recent randomized trials showing noninferiority compared with conventional or moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy. The natural history of prostate cancer necessitates extended surveillance for recurrence; however, there are a few prospective studies reporting long-term outcomes.

Methods And Materials: This study included patients with low- and intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer from 3 Canadian clinical trials enrolled from 2006 to 2013.