Economic transformation based on leading commodities through sustainable development of the oil palm industry.

The oil palm industry is a strategic and leading sector of agriculture that is developing in Indonesia. Riau is a province in this country that has quite large natural resources in the plantation with the largest contribution being oil palm. This study aims to determine the form of economic transformation based on superior commodities through the development of a sustainable palm oil industry.

Accumulation of essential (copper, iron, zinc) and non-essential (lead, cadmium) heavy metals in Caulerpa racemosa, sea water, and marine sediments of Bintan Island, Indonesia.

 Heavy metals are materials naturally occurring in nature and increase with a rise in human activity. Ex-mining areas and domestic waste from human settlements are sources of heavy metal contamination that enter and pollute water, which then accumulates in various organisms including the   community. The accumulation of heavy metals in   has a wide impact on the food chain in aquatic ecosystems and humans because this alga is a consumptive commodity.

Rapid tea catechins and caffeine determination by HPLC using microwave-assisted extraction and silica monolithic column.

A rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method using a monolithic column for the determination of eight catechin monomers and caffeine was developed. Using a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile:methanol (83:6:11) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL min(-1), the catechins and caffeine were isocratically separated in about 7 min.