Evaluation of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for the prevention of COVID-19 (COPCOV): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has proved ineffective in treating patients hospitalised with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but uncertainty remains over its safety and efficacy in chemoprevention. Previous chemoprevention randomised controlled trials (RCTs) did not individually show benefit of HCQ against COVID-19 and, although meta-analysis did suggest clinical benefit, guidelines recommend against its use.

Methods And Findings: Healthy adult participants from the healthcare setting, and later from the community, were enrolled in 26 centres in 11 countries to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of COVID-19 chemoprevention.

Genotypic Analysis of Transmitted and Acquired HIV Drug Resistance in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2019.

Background: Despite the availability of various effective antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has come with HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), which compromises its effectiveness in reducing HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission. The emergence of transmitted (TDR) and acquired HIVDR (ADR) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and experienced individuals have been reported in several Indonesian regions. Therefore, continuous HIVDR surveillance is needed in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, which is identified as having the highest prevalence of HIV infection in East Java; thus, this study aimed to identify the emergence of TDR and ADR among people living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA).

Potential usage of boron modified carbon nanodots as a marker candidate for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) antibody detection.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 has highlighted rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for effective intervention. While the RT-PCR test offers 86 % sensitivity, uncertainties often require supplementary screening. This research investigates how carbon dots (CDs) can be utilized as markers for COVID-19 antibodies, taking advantage of their biocompatibility and low toxicity.

Low clinical impact of HIV drug resistance mutations in oral pre-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Despite the widespread use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, scant information on HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) has been gathered over the past decade. This review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of pre-exposure prophylaxis and its two-way impact on DRM.

Methods: We systematically reviewed studies on DRM in pre-exposure prophylaxis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 guidelines.

Development of a Hospital-Stakeholder Collaboration Tool Using Mixed Methods to Assess Stakeholder Perspectives for Hospital Service Improvement.

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop the Hospital-Stakeholder Collaboration (HSC) Tool and Hospital Performance Factor (HPF) Tool to explore stakeholder perception and value for hospital service improvement.

Methods: This exploratory mixed-method study involved three steps: initial tool development (Step 1), validity testing (Step 2), and module development (Step 3). In Step 1, qualitative data collection through literature reviews, focus group discussions, and interviews with hospital management experts led to the creation of the preliminary tools.

Spatial-temporal transmission dynamics of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a serious health threat in Indonesia. In particular, the CRF01_AE viruses were the predominant HIV-1 strains in various cities in Indonesia. However, information on the dynamic transmission characteristics and spatial-temporal transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia is limited.

Challenges in the implementation of mother-to-child HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Indonesia.

Introduction: The HIV/AIDS prevention program among pregnant mothers aims to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to baby. It also aims to reduce stigma and discrimination, as well as deaths due to HIV/AIDS. This paper aimed to find out obstacles that occur in the implementation of HIV/AIDS transmission program in Indonesia.

Characterization of spatial and temporal transmission of HIV infection in Surabaya, Indonesia: Geographic information system (GIS) cluster detection analysis (2016-2020).

The high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has become a devastating public health problem in Indonesia. In response, the government has taken measures to reduce the transmission of HIV and the number of deaths from HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, these efforts have not successfully reduced the spread of HIV in Surabaya.

Brown Tumour in Chronic Kidney Disease: Revisiting an Old Disease with a New Perspective.

Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) and Brown Tumours are two related but distinct types of bone lesions that result from the overactivity of osteoclasts and are most often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite their potential consequences, these conditions are poorly understood because of their rare prevalence and variability in their clinical manifestation. Canonically, OFC and Brown Tumours are caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD.

Duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding Is Significantly Influenced by Disease Severity, Bilateral Pulmonary Infiltrates, Antibiotic Treatment, and Diabetic Status: Consideration for Isolation Period.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA) shedding is an important parameter for determining the optimal length of isolation period required for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the clinical (i.e.

Subtype Distribution and Drug Resistance Patterns Among HIV-1 Strains Prevalent in Makassar, Indonesia.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by a large degree of genetic variability because of high rates of recombination and mutation, sizable population sizes, and rapid replication. Therefore, this study investigated HIV-1 subtype distribution and the appearance of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in viruses that are prevalent in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The HIV-1 , , and genes were amplified from 63 infected individuals and sequenced for a subtyping analysis.

Screening of anti-HIV activities in ethanol extract and fractions from leaves.

Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered as a major immunosuppressive disease linked to malignancies and other opportunistic infections. Recently, the high prevalence of HIV drug-resistant strains required a high demand for novel antiviral drug development, especially in herbal medicine approaches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of leaves can inhibit HIV replication in ethanol extract form as well as its fractions using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents.

Antioxidant and antiviral potency of fractions.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and antiviral potency of -hexane, ethyl acetate and, water fractions of Ardi & D.C.Thomas as well as to identify the chemical constituents.

The clinical impact of bacterial co-infection among moderate, severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the second referral hospital in Surabaya.

Data on the prevalence of bacterial co-infections among COVID-19 patients are limited, especially in our country, Indonesia. We aimed to assess the rate of bacterial co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and report the most common microorganisms involved and the antibiotic use in these patients. This study is a retrospective cohort study, among COVID-19 adult patients admitted to Universitas Airlangga Hospital Surabaya from 14 March-30 September 2020.

Antiviral screening on , and extracts against HIV-infected MT-4 cells.

K. Schum A.D.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Clinical Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of a Drug Combination of Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Azithromycin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Doxycycline, and Azithromycin-Hydroxychloroquine for Patients Diagnosed with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Infections.

Background: At the present time, COVID-19 vaccines are at the testing stage, and an effective treatment for COVID-19 incorporating appropriate safety measures remains the most significant obstacle to be overcome. A strategic countermeasure is, therefore, urgently required.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir-azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir-doxycycline, and azithromycin-hydroxychloroquine used to treat patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infections.

Age, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, and radiographic assessment of the quantity of lung edema (RALE) score to predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study.

Available data suggest that case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients in Surabaya is higher than global cases. Thus, it is important to identify risk factors to prevent the mortality. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients, and develop a prediction score based on these findings.

Inactivation of HIV-1 Infection through Integrative Blocking with Amino Phenylboronic Acid Attributed Carbon Dots.

Current antiretroviral HIV therapies continue to have problems related to procedural complications, toxicity, and uncontrolled side effects. In this study, amino phenylboronic acid-modified carbon dots (APBA-CDs) were introduced as a new nanoparticle-based on gp120 targeting that inhibits HIV-1 entry processes. Prolonged by simple pyrolysis for preparing carbon dots, this report further explores attributing amino phenylboronic acid on carbon dots, which prove the formation of graphene-like structures on carbon dots and boronic acid sites, thereby enabling the enhancement of positive optical properties through photoluminescent detection.

The Dominance of CRF01_AE and the Emergence of Drug Resistance Mutations Among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced, HIV-1-infected Individuals in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a serious public health threat worldwide. Medan is one example of big cities in Indonesia with a high prevalence of HIV-1 infection; however, quite a limited study had conducted for detecting the circulation of HIV-1 subtypes in Medan. In addition, a serious factor that can implicate the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals is the emergence of drug resistance mutations.

Identification of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1-infected individuals residing in Pontianak, Indonesia.

Introduction: The present study investigated the HIV-1 subtype classification in addition to prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naïve residents of Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Methods: Whole blood samples collected from 30 HIV-1-infected individuals, comprising 19 ART-experienced and 11 ART-naïve individuals, were subjected to RNA and DNA extraction, followed by HIV-1 genes amplification and sequencing analysis. HIV-1 subtyping was classified on viral genes encoding reverse transcriptase (RT gene) and protease (PR gene) accompanied by the and genes.

Human herpes virus 8 antibodies in HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Background: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is etiologically related to Kaposi's sarcoma. Antibodies directed against HHV-8 can be detected in 80-95% of HIV-seropositive patients with KS. HHV-8 serological tests have been done in several countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia, and Thailand however no serological data is available in Indonesia.

Hyperbaric hyperoxia exposure in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus replication: An experimental in peripheral mononuclear blood cells culture.

Cellular immune has an important role in response HIV infection, which is attack the infected cells to activate signaling molecule. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) worked as complementary treatment for HIV infection. The production of ROS and RNS molecules during hyperbaric exposure can affect gene expression which contributes to cellular adaptative response.

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted drug resistance among treatment-naive individuals residing in Jakarta, Indonesia.

The presence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals naive to antiretroviral therapy, may affect the effectiveness of treatment. Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, recorded the highest number of cumulative HIV infection cases in the country. This study aimed to identify on the appearance of TDR, as well as to identify HIV-1 subtypes circulating among treatment-naive individuals in Jakarta.

2018-2019 Update on the Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Indonesia.

The HIV type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic has continued to grow in Indonesia; however, continuous updates on the epidemiology of HIV-1 in Indonesia remain challenging because it is the biggest archipelago in the world. Furthermore, the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has had a negative impact on the treatment of infected individuals. In this study, we performed HIV-1 subtyping and the detection of HIVDR in 105 HIV-1-infected individuals residing in various cities in Indonesia during 2018-2019.