[Eye movement disorders in children].

The article includes review of literature on anatomy, physiology, symptoms of ocular movement and their disturbance in children. Differential diagnosis between early developmental disturbances of vision in the normal child and during the diseases of central nervous system is very hard. There is data on such pediatric neuro-ophthalmology complex disorders as nystagmus, paroxysmal tonic upgaze, opsoclonus, spasmus nutans, seizures (eyelid myoclonia, absences).

[Features of epileptiform activity on EEG in children with periventricular leukomalacya and cerebral palsy without epilepsy].

We have analyzed morphologic and chronologic characteristics of epileptiform activity, with account for repeated EEG-study during the follow-up, in patients with periventricular leukomalacia and children cerebral palsy without epilepsy. The high frequency of "benign epileptiform patterns of childhood" (BEPC) was noted. The epileptiform activity recorded by chronologic criteria corresponded to BEPC in 67% of children.

[Clinical presentation and diagnosis of epileptic auras].

To define clinical presentations of visual auras and to reveal their clinical, encephalographic and neuroimaging correlates, we examined 23 patients, aged from 5 to 25 years (mean 14±6 years), with focal forms of epilepsy. Patients had visual auras regardless of the etiology of epilepsy which developed immediately before epileptic seizures or were isolated. Patients had simple or complex visual hallucinations, the former occurring more frequently, visual illusions and ictal amaurosis.

[Atypical absences: prevalence, electroclinical and neuroimaging characteristics].

The study included 1261 patients with different forms of epilepsy. Ages at onset of disease varied from the first days of life to 18 years old. Absence seizures were identified in 231 (18.

[Efficacy of treatment of focal forms of epilepsy in children with antiepileptic drugs of different generations].

An aim was to study the efficacy of different groups of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of focal symptomatic (or probably symptomatic) epilepsy in children. The study included 96 patients, aged from 1 month to 17 years, 55 boys and 41 girls. They were stratified into three groups by drug type: group 1 (34 patients) was treated with phenobarbital, group 2 (31 patients) received topiramate and group 3 (31 patients) received lamotrigine.

[Efficacy and safety of the monotherapy with trileptal (oxcarbazepine) in children and adolescents].

A prospective non-randomized non-controlled multicenter trial has been conducted. The trial included 254 children, aged from 11 months to 18 years (mean age 9.3 +/- 4.

[The study of quality of life of epileptic children with the special questionnaire QOLCE].

The objective was to create a Russian version of the special quality of life (QOL) questionnaire QOLCE for children with epilepsy and to use it to study QOL. The language and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire has been carried out. The final pilot version was administered to 50 mothers of children with epilepsy.

[The electrophysiological phenomenon of prolonged epileptiform peak-wave activity to the slow sleep phase].

Thirty-six cases of epilepsy with the phenomenon of prolonged epileptiform peak-wave activity in slow sleep (PESS) are presented. The peculiarities of this phenomenon are singled out. Basing on the obtained results, the authors describe a modified variant of PESS pattern which is characterized by the presence of the stable regional amplitude prevalence of peak-wave discharges and/or stable regional epileptiform activity in the "classic" PESS pattern.

[A use of high dosages of piracetam in the treatment of Kozhevnikov epilepsy syndrome].

An efficacy of high dosages of piracetam in the treatment of children with Kozhevnikov epilepsy syndrome (epilepsia partialis continua) has been studied. The study included 6 patients, aged from 9 to 16 years, with diagnosis of Kozhevnikov epilepsy (KE) who received piracetam (nootropil, UCB) in mean dose of 1g/kg/day (up to 35 g/day) intravenous in drops. The treatment course was 30 days.

[Clinical polymorphism of malignant epilepsy of infancy with migrating multifocal seizures (8 cases)].

Malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy are rare epilepsy syndrome that begins in the first 6 months of life and characterized by multiple continuous electroencephalographic and electroclinical focal ictal patterns which involved different independent areas of both hemispheres with arrest of psychomotor development. The present detailed review is based on the personal observation of 8 patients newly diagnosed at the Russian Children Clinical hospital, Moscow, Russia. At least three ictal patterns recorded from different independent areas of both hemispheres were fixed by video-EEG-monitoring in all patients.

[West syndrome: clinico-electro-anatomical characteristics and a differential therapeutical approach].

One hundred and thirty children with West syndrome, aged 1.5 months-2 years, were studied. The symptomatic form of West syndrome was diagnosed in 95.

[Epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep: diagnostic criteria and approaches to therapy].

Fourteen patients, aged from 5 to 14 years, with syndrome of electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESESS) have been studied. The absence of epileptic attacks was observed in 21.5% of patients and diagnosis was established by a combination of continuous diffuse epileptiform activity with marked cognitive disturbances.

[Control of the efficacy of the treatment of juvenile idiopathic generalized epilepsy and "pseudoremission"].

The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of antiepileptic therapy (AT) in patients with juvenile types of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) and to elucidate factors that may reduce it. Forty-four patients with IGE, who received AT and were featured, according to self-rating and relative's estimation, by stopping of the seizures, have been studied. Prolonged video-EEG monitoring revealed a high frequency of registered epileptic seizures in the apparent remission: in 28 cases (59.

[Topamax in monotherapy of epilepsy].

Thirty-three patients, aged 3-29 years, with the following epileptic types: symptomatic forehead (15), symptomatic temporal (6), symptomatic occipital (2), juvenile myoclonic, in combination with eyelid myoclonus syndrome with absences, (5), epilepsy with isolated generalized seizures (3) and rolandic epilepsy (2), were treated with topamax. A medication dose was 50-200 mg per day in children younger 12 years and 100-550 mg per day in those older 12 years and in adults. The results obtained suggest the high efficacy and well tolerability of topamax in monotherapy of epilepsy.

[Polymorphism of electroencephalographic pattern in benign epileptiform discharges in childhood].

Incidence and significance of benign epileptiform discharges of childhood (BECD), or rolandic spikes, have been studied in 2723 children, aged 2-15 years, with (841 patients) and without (1882) epilepsy. All the patients underwent standard electroencephalographic (EEG) study with video-EEG monitoring made in cases of epileptiform abnormalities. In the non-epileptic group, BECD frequency was 1.

[Electroclinical characteristics of Landau-Kleffner syndrome].

The study aimed at investigating epileptic attack's semiology and other electroclinical characteristics in Landau-Kleffner syndrome as well as therapeutic efficacy. Six patients with Landau--Kleffner syndrome, 5 boys, 1 girl, aged 6-10 years, mean age 7.5 years, have been analyzed.