Differential impact of maternal education on under-five mortality in rural and urban India.

Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) differs by rural-urban place of residence and mother's education; however, the rural-urban gap in U5MR by mother's educational attainment is unclear in the existing literature. Using five rounds of the national family health surveys (NFHS I-V) conducted between 1992-93 and 2019-21 in India, this study estimated the main and interaction effects of rural-urban and maternal education on U5MR. The mixed effect Cox proportional hazard (MECPH) model was used to predict the risk of under-five mortality (U5M).

The unending burden of high out-of-pocket expenditure on institutional deliveries in India.

Objective: This study aims to address the question that whether out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on institutional deliveries remained high or reduced over time in India, in particular after the introduction of conditional cash transfer (CCT) incentive programmes such as Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in 2005.

Study Design: The study presents the trends in average OOPE on institutional deliveries in India, in an effort to evaluate the impact of the JSY programme on it.

Methods: For the purpose, the study used recently released 75th round of National Sample Survey data, 2017/18 about household social consumption (Health) and two of its previous rounds in 2004 and 2014.

Road to family planning and RMNCHN related SDGs: Tracing the role of public health spending in India.

Globally, public health expenditure (PHE) is closely associated with Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health, and Nutrition (RMNCHN) and Family Planning (FP) outcomes. In India, the role of PHE in shaping the progress towards the attainment of RMNCHN and FP-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is not widely documented. Using the four consecutive rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we have investigated the progress in RMNCHN and FP indicators and their association with PHE by applying robust econometric modelling.

Gender disparities in health care expenditures and financing strategies (HCFS) for inpatient care in India.

Despite the vast literature on health care expenditures (HCE) and health care financing strategies (HCFS) in low- and middle-income countries, there is limited evidence of gender disparity in HCFS for inpatient care. We examined gender disparities in HCE and HCFS for inpatient care among adults aged 15 and older in India which is widely known for gender-based discrimination in sex-selective abortion, nutrition, and access to health care. Using data from a nationally representative large-scale population-based survey, we investigated the relationship between the gender of adult patients and HCE as well as sources of health care financing.

World health status 1950-2015: Converging or diverging.

Objective: To advance the goal of "Grand Convergence" in global health by 2035, this study tested the convergence hypothesis in the progress of the health status of individuals from 193 countries, using both standard and cutting-edge convergence metrics.

Methods: The study used multiple data sources. The methods section is categorized into two parts.

Out-of-pocket expenditure on maternity care for hospital births in Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background And Objective: The studies measured Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) for hospital births previously suffer from serious data limitations. To overcome such limitations, we designed a hospital-based study for measuring the levels and factors of OOPE on maternity care for hospital births by its detailed components.

Methods: Data were collected from women for non-complicated deliveries 24-h before the survey and complicated deliveries 48-h prior to the survey at the hospital settings in Uttar Pradesh, India during 2014.

Gender Difference in Health-Care Expenditure: Evidence from India Human Development Survey.

Background: While the gender disparity in health and mortality in various stages of life in India is well documented, there is limited evidence on female disadvantage in health-care expenditure (HCE).

Aims: Examine the gender difference in HCE in short-term and major morbidity in India, and understand the role of factors underlying the difference.

Data And Methods: Using two rounds of nationally representative panel data-the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (IHDS I & II)-we calculate morbidity prevalence rate and mean HCE by gender, and examine the adjusted effect of gender on major morbidity-related HCE by using a two-part regression model.

High Spending on Maternity Care in India: What Are the Factors Explaining It?

Background And Objectives: High maternity-related health care spending is often cited as an important barrier in utilizing quality health care during pregnancy and childbirth. This study has two objectives: (i) to measure the levels of expenditure on total maternity care in disaggregated components such as ANCs, PNCs, and Natal care expenditure; (ii) to quantify the extent of catastrophic maternity expenditure (CME) incurred by households and identify the factors responsible for it.

Methods And Findings: Data from the 71st round of the National Sample Survey (2014) was used to estimate maternity expenditure and its predictors.