Advances in nitrogen removal and recovery technologies from reject water: Economic and environmental perspectives.

This review critically assesses nitrogen removal technologies applied in the reject water treatment, across different stages of technological development, with a focus on their economic and environmental impacts. The prevalent use of biological processes raises concerns due to potential environmental impacts caused by NO emissions. However, partial nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation demonstrated economic benefits and the potential for positive environmental outcomes when properly operated and controlled.