In situ visualization of endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicle formation in steady state and malignant conditions.

Endothelial cells are integral components of all vasculature within complex organisms. As they line the blood vessel wall, endothelial cells are constantly exposed to a variety of molecular factors and shear force that can induce cellular damage and stress. However, how endothelial cells are removed or eliminate unwanted cellular contents, remains unclear.

Prospective randomized evaluation of the sustained impact of assistive artificial intelligence on anesthetists' ultrasound scanning for regional anesthesia.

Objectives: Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) relies on acquiring and interpreting an appropriate view of sonoanatomy. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to aid this by applying a color overlay to key sonoanatomical structures.The primary aim was to determine whether an AI-generated color overlay was associated with a difference in participants' ability to identify an appropriate block view over a 2-month period after a standardized teaching session (as judged by a blinded assessor).

Cocaine taking and craving produce distinct transcriptional profiles in dopamine neurons.

Dopamine (DA) signaling plays an essential role in reward valence attribution and in encoding the reinforcing properties of natural and artificial rewards. The adaptive responses from midbrain dopamine neurons to artificial rewards such as drugs of abuse are therefore important for understanding the development of substance use disorders. Drug-induced changes in gene expression are one such adaptation that can determine the activity of dopamine signaling in projection regions of the brain reward system.

Measurement of Psychological Resilience to Support Therapy Interventions for Clients in the Clinical Mental Healthcare Setting: A Scoping Review.

Waves of psychological research over 50 years have resulted in the development of scales to measure psychological resilience. Multiple psychological resilience definitions and factors have emerged during this time, making its measurement complex. The overall aim of the review was to identify and describe developments in the measurement of psychological resilience in the clinical mental healthcare setting.

Epigenetic heterogeneity shapes the transcriptional landscape of regional microglia.

Microglia, the innate immune cells in the central nervous system, exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles across brain regions that are important for facilitating their specialized function. There has been recent interest in identifying the epigenetic modifications associated with these distinct transcriptional profiles, as these may improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the functional specialization of microglia. One obstacle to achieving this goal is the large number of microglia required to obtain a genome-wide profile for a single histone modification.

Evaluating the persuasive influence of political microtargeting with large language models.

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have raised the prospect of scalable, automated, and fine-grained political microtargeting on a scale previously unseen; however, the persuasive influence of microtargeting with LLMs remains unclear. Here, we build a custom web application capable of integrating self-reported demographic and political data into GPT-4 prompts in real-time, facilitating the live creation of unique messages tailored to persuade individual users on four political issues. We then deploy this application in a preregistered randomized control experiment ( = 8,587) to investigate the extent to which access to individual-level data increases the persuasive influence of GPT-4.

Microglia contribute to methamphetamine reinforcement and reflect persistent transcriptional and morphological adaptations to the drug.

Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that is characterized by repeated drug use despite negative consequences and for which there are currently no FDA-approved cessation therapeutics. Repeated methamphetamine (METH) use induces long-term gene expression changes in brain regions associated with reward processing and drug-seeking behavior, and recent evidence suggests that methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation may also shape behavioral and molecular responses to the drug. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are principal drivers of neuroinflammatory responses and contribute to the pathophysiology of substance use disorders.

Cytomegalovirus drives Vδ1 γδ T cell expansion and clonality in common variable immunodeficiency.

The function and phenotype of γδ T cells in the context of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has not been explored. CVID is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by impaired antibody responses resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. γδ T cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that play crucial roles in host defence against infections.

Implementation of a One-Day Living Kidney Donor Assessment Clinic to Improve the Efficiency of the Living Kidney Donor Evaluation: Program Report.

Purpose Of Program: A key barrier to becoming a living kidney donor is an inefficient evaluation process, requiring more than 30 tests (eg, laboratory and diagnostic tests), questionnaires, and specialist consultations. Donor candidates make several trips to hospitals and clinics, and often spend months waiting for appointments and test results. The median evaluation time for a donor candidate in Ontario, Canada, is nearly 1 year.

From the Mind to the Spine: The Intersecting World of Alzheimer's and Osteoporosis.

Purpose Of Review: This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis, two prevalent conditions with significant implications for individuals' quality of life. The purpose is to explore their bidirectional association, underpinned by common pathological processes such as aging, genetic factors, inflammation, and estrogen deficiency.

Recent Findings: Recent advances have shown promise in treating both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis by targeting disease-specific proteins and bone metabolism regulators.

Red vision in animals is broadly associated with lighting environment but not types of visual task.

Red sensitivity is the exception rather than the norm in most animal groups. Among species with red sensitivity, there is substantial variation in the peak wavelength sensitivity (λ) of the long wavelength sensitive (LWS) photoreceptor. It is unclear whether this variation can be explained by visual tuning to the light environment or to visual tasks such as signalling or foraging.

Mind the Gap: Unraveling the Intricate Dance Between Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias and Bone Health.

Purpose Of Review: This review examines the linked pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease/related dementia (AD/ADRD) and bone disorders like osteoporosis. The emphasis is on "inflammaging"-a low-level inflammation common to both, and its implications in an aging population.

Recent Findings: Aging intensifies both ADRD and bone deterioration.

Mind Gaps and Bone Snaps: Exploring the Connection Between Alzheimer's Disease and Osteoporosis.

Purpose Of Review: This comprehensive review discusses the complex relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis, two conditions that are prevalent in the aging population and result in adverse complications on quality of life. The purpose of this review is to succinctly elucidate the many commonalities between the two conditions, including shared pathways, inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms, and hormonal deficiencies.

Recent Findings: AD and osteoporosis share many aspects of their respective disease-defining pathophysiology.

Use of AI Language Engine ChatGPT 4.0 to Write a Scientific Review Article Examining the Intersection of Alzheimer's Disease and Bone.

Purpose Of Review: This Comment represents three review articles on the relationship between Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and fracture in an exploration of the benefits that AI can provide in scientific writing. The first drafts of the articles were written (1) entirely by humans; (2) entirely by ChatGPT 4.0 (AI-only or AIO); and (3) by humans and ChatGPT 4.

Hypothalamic CRF neurons facilitate brain reward function.

Aversive stimuli activate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN neurons) and other brain stress systems to facilitate avoidance behaviors. Appetitive stimuli also engage the brain stress systems, but their contributions to reward-related behaviors are less well understood. Here, we show that mice work vigorously to optically activate PVN neurons in an operant chamber, indicating a reinforcing nature of these neurons.

Microglia contribute to methamphetamine reinforcement and reflect persistent transcriptional and morphological adaptations to the drug.

Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that is characterized by repeated drug use despite negative consequences and for which there are currently no FDA-approved cessation therapeutics. Repeated methamphetamine (METH) use induces long-term gene expression changes in brain regions associated with reward processing and drug-seeking behavior, and recent evidence suggests that methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation may also shape behavioral and molecular responses to the drug. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are principal drivers of neuroinflammatory responses and contribute to the pathophysiology of substance use disorders.

Matrix metalloproteinase 10 and the slow demise of the peritoneal membrane.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave matrix components along with multiple other effects. They are integral to virtually all biological processes, including inflammation and wound healing. As such, MMPs have been studied in the context of peritoneal membrane injury.

Piloting a shared decision-making clinician training intervention in maternity care in Australia: A mixed methods study.

Problem: Implementation of woman-centred care in evidence-based maternity practice requires clinicians to be skilled in shared decision-making, yet there is limited training or research into such interventions.

Background: Shared decision-making enables women to make informed decisions in partnership with clinicians where there are varied clinical options in relation to indications for and timing of planned birth.

Aim: We aimed to develop a shared decision-making training intervention and evaluate its feasibility and acceptability to midwives and obstetricians.

Walking status and spinopelvic parameters in young children with achondroplasia: 10-year follow-up.

Purpose: Thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK) is common in children with achondroplasia and resolves in 90% by 10 years of age. Our purpose was to describe the natural progression of TLK in a cohort of pre-walking children with achondroplasia.

Methods: A single-center, retrospective review identified 62 children (32 male, 30 female) with achondroplasia.

NET-02: a randomised, non-comparative, phase II trial of nal-IRI/5-FU or docetaxel as second-line therapy in patients with progressive poorly differentiated extra-pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Background: The prognosis for patients with poorly-differentiated extra-pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (PD-EP-NEC) is poor. A recognised first-line (1L) treatment for advanced disease is etoposide/platinum-based chemotherapy with no standard second-line (2L) treatment.

Methods: Patients with histologically-confirmed PD-EP-NEC (Ki-67 > 20%; Grade 3) received IV liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) (70 mg/m free base)/5-FU (2400 mg/m)/folinic acid, Q14 days (ARM A), or IV docetaxel (75 mg/m), Q21 days (ARM B), as 2L therapy.

Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Children of Women who Took Part in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Preconceptional Nutritional Intervention in Mumbai, India.

Background: Maternal nutrition influences fetal development and may permanently alter ("program") offspring body composition and metabolism, thereby influencing later risk of diabetes and cardiovascular (cardiometabolic) disease. The prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is rising rapidly in India.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that supplementing low-income Indian women with micronutrient-rich foods preconceptionally and during pregnancy has a beneficial impact on the children's body composition and cardiometabolic risk marker profiles.

Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders.

Microglia are widely known for their role in immune surveillance and for their ability to refine neurocircuitry during development, but a growing body of evidence suggests that microglia may also play a complementary role to neurons in regulating the behavioral aspects of substance use disorders. While many of these efforts have focused on changes in microglial gene expression associated with drug-taking, epigenetic regulation of these changes has yet to be fully understood. This review provides recent evidence supporting the role of microglia in various aspects of substance use disorder, with particular focus on changes to the microglial transcriptome and the potential epigenetic mechanisms driving these changes.