Brief Report: Protease Inhibitors Versus Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and the Risk of Cancer Among People With HIV.

Background: The effect of initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) class on cancer risk in people with HIV (PWH) remains unclear.

Setting: Cohort study of 36,322 PWH enrolled (1996-2014) in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design.

Methods: We followed individuals from ART initiation (protease inhibitor [PI]-, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI]-, or integrase strand transfer inhibitor [INSTI]-based) until incident cancer, death, loss-to-follow-up, 12/31/2014, 85 months (intention-to-treat analyses [ITT]), or 30 months (per-protocol [PP] analyses).

A Comparison of Two DAAs Used in a Unique Model of Care to Treat Hepatitis C Infections in New Jersey.

In this prospective observational study, we compare the efficacy of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir vs sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in treating hepatitis C within a unique model of care utilizing a combination of telehealth, an ambulatory van, case management, and a contracted pharmacy. Among 769 patients treated, 90.4% completed treatment, with 9.

Capturing the incidence of patient agitation amongst conscious sedation ERCPs and the impact on therapeutic outcomes.

Background: Completing advanced endoscopic procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under conscious sedation is challenging. International recommendations favor enhanced sedation (e.g.

Clinical translation of tissue-engineered oesophageal grafts: are patients ready for us?

Purpose: We sought to engage with expert patient/carers to understand attitudes towards use of tissue engineering (TE) for long-gap oesophageal atresia (OA).

Methods: An in-person engagement event for 70 patients/parents was held by the OA patient group, TOFS. Attitudes towards TE were assessed before and after a talk on use of TE oesophagi in a pre-clinical OA model.

The protamines of the spider Steatoda sp. provide an example of liquid-liquid phase separation chromatin transitions during spermiogenesis.

Although there is extensive information about sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBP) in vertebrates, there is, by comparison, very little information in Arthropoda. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap by analyzing these proteins in the sperm of the noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis (order Araneae, family Theridiidae). To this end, we have developed a protein extraction method that allows the extraction of both cysteine-containing and non-cysteine-containing protamines that is suitable for the preparation and analysis of SNBPs from samples in which the amount of starting tissue material is limited.

Effectiveness, safety, and cost of combination advanced therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: A significant proportion of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients fail to respond to advanced therapies. Combining advanced therapies may improve treatment outcome. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness, adverse events, and costs associated with combining advanced therapies in IBD patients.

Excess Mortality in Persons with Concurrent HIV and Cancer Diagnoses: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: With extended lifespans for people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), there is a corresponding increased burden of chronic illnesses, including cancer. Our objective was to estimate the excess mortality among PWH with cancer compared with people without HIV (PWoH), accounting for the higher background mortality in the general PWH population.

Methods: We identified 39,000 PWH and 387,767 demographically matched PWoH in three integrated healthcare systems from 2000 to 2016.

Primary HPV screening compared with other cervical cancer screening strategies in women with HIV: a cost-effectiveness study.

Objective: To compare the model-predicted benefits, harms, and cost-effectiveness of cytology, cotesting, and primary HPV screening in US women with HIV (WWH).

Design: We adapted a previously published Markov decision model to simulate a cohort of US WWH.

Setting: United States.

Synergistic Polymer Blending Informs Efficient Terpolymer Design and Machine Learning Discerns Performance Trends for pDNA Delivery.

Cationic polymers offer an alternative to viral vectors in nucleic acid delivery. However, the development of polymer vehicles capable of high transfection efficiency and minimal toxicity has remained elusive, and continued exploration of the vast design space is required. Traditional single polymer syntheses with large monomer bases are very time-intensive, limiting the speed at which new formulations are identified.

"How I would like AI used for my imaging": children and young persons' perspectives.

Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are becoming more available in modern healthcare, particularly in radiology, although less attention has been paid to applications for children and young people. In the development of these, it is critical their views are heard.

Materials And Methods: A national, online survey was publicised to UK schools, universities and charity partners encouraging any child or young adult to participate.

The protamines of the noble false widow spider provide an example of liquid-liquid phase separation chromatin transitions during spermiogenesis.

While there is extensive information about sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBP) in vertebrates, there is very little information about Arthropoda by comparison. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap by analyzing these proteins in the sperm of the noble false widow spider (Order Araneae, Family Theridiidae). To this end, we have developed a protein extraction method that allows the extraction of cysteine-containing protamines suitable for the preparation and analysis of SNBPs from samples where the amount of starting tissue material is limited.

Lower arterial cerebral blood flow is associated with worse neuroinflammation and immunomodulation composite proteomic scores.

Background: Brain hypoperfusion is linked with worse physical, cognitive and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding the proteomic signatures related to hypoperfusion could provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanism.

Methods: 140 people with MS (pwMS; 86 clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)/relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and 54 progressive (PMS)) were included.

Improving Appropriate Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Through a Statewide Collaborative Hospital Initiative: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background: Quality improvement (QI) programs require significant financial investment. The authors evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a physician-led, performance-incentivized, QI intervention that increased appropriate peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) use.

Methods: The authors used an economic evaluation from a health care sector perspective.

Polymer design SHAP and Bayesian machine learning optimizes pDNA and CRISPR ribonucleoprotein delivery.

We present the facile synthesis of a clickable polymer library with systematic variations in length, binary composition, p, and hydrophobicity (clog ) to optimize intracellular pDNA and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) performance. We couple physicochemical characterization and machine learning to interpret quantitative structure-property relationships within the combinatorial design space. For the first time, we reveal unexpected disparate design parameters for nucleic acid carriers; explainable machine learning on 432 formulations, we discover that lower polymer p and higher percentages of benzimidazole ethanethiol enhance pDNA delivery, yet polymer length and captamine cation identity improve RNP delivery.

Asymmetric proptosis in thyroid eye disease.

Purpose: Patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) can present with asymmetric disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymmetric TED in an Australian cohort and investigate clinical, biochemical, and radiological associations of asymmetric TED.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with TED who underwent Hertel exophthalmometry and orbital computed tomography (CT) scans.

Observed rates of surgical instrument errors point to visualization tasks as being a critically vulnerable point in sterile processing and a significant cause of lost chargeable OR minutes.

Background: The reporting of surgical instrument errors historically relies on cumbersome, non-automated, human-dependent, data entry into a computer database that is not integrated into the electronic medical record. The limitations of these reporting systems make it difficult to accurately estimate the negative impact of surgical instrument errors on operating room efficiencies. We set out to determine the impact of surgical instrument errors on a two-hospital healthcare campus using independent observers trained in the identification of Surgical Instrument Errors.

Self-reported pain severity and use of cannabis and opioids in persons with HIV in an urban primary care setting in Northern California: A cross-sectional study.

Persons with HIV (PWH) experience high levels of pain. We examined the relationship of pain severity with use of cannabis and prescription opioids among PWH. This cross-sectional study evaluated associations between self-reported pain (moderate/severe vs mild/none) and cannabis and prescription opioid use in a primary care sample of PWH enrolled in an alcohol use treatment study at Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco.

Characterizing the Causal Pathway From Childhood Adiposity to Right Heart Physiology and Pulmonary Circulation Using Lifecourse Mendelian Randomization.

Background: Observational epidemiological studies have reported an association between childhood adiposity and altered cardiac morphology and function in later life. However, whether this is due to a direct consequence of being overweight during childhood has been difficult to establish, particularly as accounting for other measures of body composition throughout the lifecourse can be exceptionally challenging.

Methods And Results: In this study, we used human genetics to investigate this using a causal inference technique known as lifecourse Mendelian randomization.

Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders and Their Association With Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome.

Background And Objective: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are life-threatening conditions that send nearly 180,000 patients to the intensive care unit each year, with mortality rates up to 5-10%. Little is known about the impact of concurrent psychiatric disorders on specific DKA/HHS outcomes. Identifying these relationships offers opportunities to improve clinical management, treatment planning, and mitigate associated morbidity and mortality.

Using Electronic Health Records to Improve HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Care: A Randomized Trial.

Background: Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use remains limited and inequitable, and strategies are needed to improve PrEP provision in primary care.

Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized trial at Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, to evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical decision support intervention guided by an electronic health record (EHR)-based HIV risk prediction model to improve PrEP provision. Primary care providers (PCPs) were randomized to usual care or intervention, with PCPs who provide care to people with HIV balanced between arms.