The CD36 scavenger receptor Bez regulates lipid redistribution from fat body to ovaries in Drosophila.

Lipid distribution in an organism is mediated by the interplay between lipoprotein particles, lipoprotein receptors and class B scavenger receptors of the CD36 family. CD36 is a multifunctional protein mediating lipid uptake, mobilization and signaling at the plasma membrane and inside of the cell. The CD36 protein family has 14 members in Drosophila melanogaster, which allows for the differentiated analysis of their functions.

The impact of individualised versus standardised endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in inactive adults.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in physically inactive adults.

Design: Randomised controlled trial.

Methods: Fifty-four participants aged 21-55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18).

Triglyceride cycling enables modification of stored fatty acids.

Triglyceride cycling is the process of continuous degradation and re-synthesis of triglyceride in cellular stores. We show in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that triglycerides are subject to rapid turnover and re-arrangement of fatty acids with an estimated half-life of 2-4 h. We develop a tracing technology that can simultaneously and quantitatively follow the metabolism of multiple fatty acids to study the triglyceride futile substrate cycle directly and with molecular species resolution.

Tracing Lipid Metabolism by Alkyne Lipids and Mass Spectrometry: The State of the Art.

Lipid tracing studies are a key method to gain a better understanding of the complex metabolic network lipids are involved in. In recent years, alkyne lipid tracers and mass spectrometry have been developed as powerful tools for such studies. This study aims to review the present standing of the underlying technique, highlight major findings the strategy allowed for, summarize its advantages, and discuss some limitations.

Development of oxaalkyne and alkyne fatty acids as novel tracers to study fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways and intermediates.

Fatty acid beta-oxidation is a key process in mammalian lipid catabolism. Disturbance of this process results in severe clinical symptoms, including dysfunction of the liver, a major beta-oxidizing tissue. For a thorough understanding of this process, a comprehensive analysis of involved fatty acid and acyl-carnitine intermediates is desired, but capable methods are lacking.

An advanced method for propargylcholine phospholipid detection by direct-infusion MS.

Phospholipids with a choline head group are an abundant component of cellular membranes and are involved in many important biological functions. For studies on the cell biology and metabolism of these lipids, traceable analogues where propargylcholine replaces the choline head group have proven useful. We present a novel method to analyze propargylcholine phospholipids by MS.

Generation of immune cell containing adipose organoids for in vitro analysis of immune metabolism.

Adipose tissue is an organized endocrine organ with important metabolic and immunological functions and immune cell-adipocyte crosstalk is known to drive various disease pathologies. Suitable 3D adipose tissue organoid models often lack resident immune cell populations and therefore require the addition of immune cells isolated from other organs. We have created the first 3D adipose tissue organoid model which could contain and maintain resident immune cell populations of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and proved to be effective in studying adipose tissue biology in a convenient manner.

Kupffer Cells Sense Free Fatty Acids and Regulate Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet and Inflammation.

A high fat Western-style diet leads to hepatic steatosis that can progress to steatohepatitis and ultimately cirrhosis or liver cancer. The mechanism that leads to the development of steatosis upon nutritional overload is complex and only partially understood. Using click chemistry-based metabolic tracing and microscopy, we study the interaction between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes ex vivo.

1-Deoxysphingolipids cause autophagosome and lysosome accumulation and trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

1-Deoxysphingolipids (deoxySLs) are atypical sphingolipids of clinical relevance as they are elevated in plasma of patients suffering from hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN1) or type 2 diabetes. Their neurotoxicity is described best but they inflict damage to various cell types by an uncertain pathomechanism. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and an alkyne analog of 1-deoxysphinganine (doxSA), the metabolic precursor of all deoxySLs, we here study the impact of deoxySLs on macroautophagy/autophagy, the regulated degradation of dysfunctional or expendable cellular components.

Importance of γ-secretase in the regulation of liver X receptor and cellular lipid metabolism.

Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase complexes that mediate intramembrane proteolysis. Mutations in the PS genes are a major cause of familial early-onset Alzheimer disease and affect the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, thereby altering the production of the amyloid β-peptide. However, multiple additional protein substrates have been identified, suggesting pleiotropic functions of γ-secretase.

Side-by-side comparability of batch and continuous downstream for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Continuous processing is the future production method for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A fully continuous, fully automated downstream process based on disposable equipment was developed and implemented inside the MoBiDiK pilot plant. However, a study evaluating the comparability between batch and continuous processing based on product quality attributes was not conducted before.

Telmisartan prevents development of obesity and normalizes hypothalamic lipid droplets.

The AT1 receptor blocker telmisartan (TEL) prevents diet-induced obesity. Hypothalamic lipid metabolism is functionally important for energy homeostasis, as a surplus of lipids induces an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, thus promoting the development of central leptin resistance. However, it is unclear as to whether TEL treatment affects the lipid status in the hypothalamus.

An indigenous framework of the cycle of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder risk and prevention across the generations: historical trauma, harm and healing.

To build on Evans-Campbell's [2008. "Historical Trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska Communities: A Multilevel Framework for Exploring Impacts on Individuals, Families, and Communities." 23 (3): 316-338.

Association between high risk for preterm birth and changes in gingiva parameters during pregnancy-a prospective cohort study.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate clinical and microbiological gingival changes during pregnancy in women without periodontal disease. Additionally, these parameters were to be compared in women with high risk for preterm birth and women with a normal course of pregnancy.

Method And Materials: Group I consisted of 40 subjects at high risk for preterm birth, while group II involved 49 subjects with a normal course of pregnancy.

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in grey and white matter regions of the brain metabolize fatty acids.

The grey and white matter regions of the mammalian brain consist of both neurons and neuroglial cells. Among the neuroglia, the two macroglia oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the most abundant cell types. While the major function of oligodendrocytes is the formation of the lipid-rich myelin structure, the heterogeneous group of astrocytes fulfils a multitude of important roles in cerebral development and homeostasis.

Localization of 1-deoxysphingolipids to mitochondria induces mitochondrial dysfunction.

1-Deoxysphingolipids (deoxySLs) are atypical sphingolipids that are elevated in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). Clinically, diabetic neuropathy and HSAN1 are very similar, suggesting the involvement of deoxySLs in the pathology of both diseases. However, very little is known about the biology of these lipids and the underlying pathomechanism.

Tanycytes and a differential fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus.

Although the brain controls all main metabolic pathways in the whole organism, its lipid metabolism is partially separated from the rest of the body. Circulating lipids and other metabolites are taken up into brain areas like the hypothalamus and are locally metabolized and sensed involving several hypothalamic cell types. In this study we show that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are differentially processed in the murine hypothalamus.

A highly sensitive protocol for microscopy of alkyne lipids and fluorescently tagged or immunostained proteins.

The demand to study the cellular localization of specific lipids has led to recent advances in lipid probes and microscopy. Alkyne lipids bear a small, noninterfering tag and can be detected upon click reaction with an azide-coupled reporter. Fluorescent alkyne lipid imaging crucially depends on appropriate azide reporters and labeling protocols that allow for an efficient click reaction and therefore a sensitive detection.

Comparing Patient Satisfaction and Intubating Conditions Using Succinylcholine or Low-Dose Rocuronium for Rigid Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Study.

Introduction: Despite its serious side effects, succinylcholine is commonly used for neuromuscular relaxation in short procedures, such as rigid bronchoscopy and tracheobronchial interventions. The application of low-dose rocuronium reversed by low-dose sugammadex might be a modern alternative. The aim of this study was to compare patient satisfaction, incidence of postoperative myalgia (POM) as well as intubating conditions of these two muscle relaxants for rigid bronchoscopy.

Multiple bonds for the lipid interest.

Polyene lipids and alkyne lipids allow study of lipid organization, dynamics and metabolism. Both types of lipids contain multiple bonds as the essential functional group, leading to minimal disturbance of the hydrophobic properties on which the characteristic behavior of lipids is based. Polyene lipids can directly be traced due to their intrinsic fluorescence, while alkyne lipids need the copper-catalyzed click reaction to an azido-reporter for detection.

A novel alkyne cholesterol to trace cellular cholesterol metabolism and localization.

Cholesterol is an important lipid of mammalian cells and plays a fundamental role in many biological processes. Its concentration in the various cellular membranes differs and is tightly regulated. Here, we present a novel alkyne cholesterol analog suitable for tracing both cholesterol metabolism and localization.

Alkyne lipids as substrates for click chemistry-based in vitro enzymatic assays.

Click chemistry is evolving as a powerful tool in biological applications because it allows the sensitive and specific detection of compounds with alkyne or azido groups. Here we describe the use of alkyne lipids as substrates for in vitro enzymatic assays of lipid modifying enzymes. The small alkyne moiety is introduced synthetically at the terminus of the hydrocarbon chain of various substrate lipids.

Tracing fatty acid metabolism by click chemistry.

Fatty acids are abundant constituents of all biological systems, and their metabolism is important for normal function at all levels of an organism. Aberrations in fatty acid metabolism are associated with pathological states and have become a focus of current research, particularly due to the interest in metabolic overload diseases. Here we present a click-chemistry-based method that allows tracing of fatty acid metabolism in virtually any biological system.

Exogenous ether lipids predominantly target mitochondria.

Ether lipids are ubiquitous constituents of cellular membranes with no discrete cell biological function assigned yet. Using fluorescent polyene-ether lipids we analyzed their intracellular distribution in living cells by microscopy. Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum accumulated high amounts of ether-phosphatidylcholine and ether-phosphatidylethanolamine.