Nanocrystalline cellulose from Calophyllum inophyllum shells waste by adjusting organic acid hydrolysis and optimization of reaction parameters using response surface methodology.

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil in Indonesia produces significant biomass waste, including seed shells. This study explores the conversion of the seed shell of Calophyllum inophyllum into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) via consecutive alkalization, bleaching and hydrolysis using various organic acids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a reduction in the diameter of cellulose fibers from 21.

Coprecipitation and hydrothermal synthesis of CaO from dolomite in the presence of extract for biodiesel production: catalysts characterization and optimization.

High-purity CaO cubic crystallites extracted from limestone exhibited excellent activity as base catalysts for waste cooking oil (WCO) conversion into biodiesel. Saponin from extract acted as a surfactant in CaO extraction and transformation into well-defined cubic microcrystallites. The application of saponin from extract as a surfactant for CaO production results in a high level of CaO purity and particle size reduction compared to directly calcined limestone (CaO-MgO).

Adsorption and biodegradation of the azo dye methyl orange using immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-alginate-hectorite beads (BHec-RP).

Biological methods are widely used to treat dye waste, particularly methyl orange (MO) dye. The importance of MO degradation stems from its classification as a toxic dye. Within the scope of this research, successful bio-decolorization of MO was achieved through the use of bacteria immobilized in a PVA-alginate-hectorite matrix (BHec-RP).

Microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles as a colorimetric sensor for hydrogen peroxide.

To consider silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a colorimetric sensor for HO we require investigation of the effects of the homogeneity of the nanoparticle size and morphology on the sensor parameters. Uniformly-sized Ag nanoparticles with diameters of ∼18.8 ± 2.

The role of pH-induced tautomerism of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the size, stability, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using microwave radiation.

Tautomerism alters the structure and properties of materials, which can be exploited to control their chemical and biological activities. The role of pH-induced tautomerism of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was determined by measuring the size, stability, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of microwave synthesized-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). TEM and XRD analyses confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic silver nanoparticles.

Synthesis of mesoporous zeolite Y using extract as natural organic surfactant for deoxygenation of oil to biofuel.

Saponin is a plant-derived chemical with an amphiphilic glycoconjugate structure extracted from sapindaceae plants like . This study investigated saponin extract of as a natural template for formation of mesoporous zeolite Y. Surface area and mesoporosity of zeolite Y were improved with optimization of extract (SRE) concentration (Y-Ln; = 2, 5, 10 or 15 mL), reaching 216.

Direct synthesis of Fe-aluminosilicates from red mud for catalytic deoxygenation of waste cooking oil.

Conversion of red mud (RM) that contains a high level of silica, alumina and iron minerals into heterogenous catalysts, offers a route for the utilization of abundant toxic by-products of bauxite refining. In this study, the conversion of red mud into mesoporous Fe-aluminosilicate produced selective catalysts for the deoxygenation of waste cooking oil to green diesel hydrocarbons. Direct conversion of red mud in the presence cetyltrimethylammonium bromide into Fe-aluminosilicate (RM-CTA) produced a highly mesoporous structure with oligomeric FeO clusters within the pores.

Optimization of hierarchical ZSM-5 structure from kaolin as catalysts for biofuel production.

Optimization of hierarchical ZSM-5 structure by variation of the first hydrothermal step at different times provides insight into the evolution of micro/mesopores and its effect as a catalyst for deoxygenation reaction. The degree of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) incorporation as an MFI structure directing agent and -cetyl-,,-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a mesoporogen was monitored to understand the effect towards pore formation. Amorphous aluminosilicate without the framework-bound TPAOH achieved within 1.

Profitable Fischer Tropsch realization CO-CH reforming; an overview of nickel-promoter-support interactions.

Environmental pollution, climate change, and fossil fuel extinction have aroused serious global interest in the search for alternative energy sources. The dry reforming of methane (DRM) could be a good technique to harness syngas, a starting material for the FT energy process from greenhouse gases. Noble metal DRM catalysts are effective for the syngas generation but costly.

Hectorite-CTAB-alginate composite beads for water treatment: kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic studies.

Encapsulation of hectorite-modified CTAB with Ca-alginate formed reusable adsorbent beads for wastewater treatment. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigation indicated excellent thermal stability results for BHec-40 compared to Hec-40. Although the mesoporous surface area of BHec-40 decreased to 79.

Uniform rod and spherical nanocrystalline celluloses from hydrolysis of industrial pepper waste (Piper nigrum L.) using organic acid and inorganic acid.

Conversion of lignocellulosic biowastes from agricultural industry into nanocrystalline cellulose provides pathway to reduce environmental pollution while enhancing the economic value of biowastes. Nanocellulose (NCC) with uniform morphology was isolated from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) stalk waste (PW) using acid hydrolysis method.

Analysis of Mercury in Skin Lightening Cream by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES).

This research aimed at developing an analysis method, which was optimized and validated to determine the content of mercury in skin lightening cream discovered in the market in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, through the use of microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). The optimization on the analysis method was conducted on pump rate, viewing position, and reductant concentration in order to obtain the highest mercury emission intensity, while the solution stability was optimized to know the stability of mercury in the solution. The result showed that the method developed had precision with a relative standard deviation of 2.