At least four groups of kratom consumers in the United States: latent-class analysis of motivations for kratom use.

Kratom is a plant with alkaloids acting at opioid, serotonergic, adrenergic, and other receptors. Consumers report numerous use motivations. To distinguish subgroups of kratom consumers by kratom-use motivations using latent-class analysis.

How should medicines reimbursement work? The views of Spanish experts.

Although the criteria that support reimbursement decisions for medicines are often set by legislation, as is the case in Spain, in many cases neither the definition nor the measurement methods for these criteria are provided. Our goal was to elicit the views of a large sample of Spanish technical specialists on how to evaluate each one of the criteria that inform pricing and reimbursement decisions in Spain. Professionals from various stakeholder groups involved in health economics, health technology assessment, and industry participated in a survey.

Chiral Locomotion Transitions of an Active Gel and Their Chemomechanical Origin.

Transitions between chiral rotational locomotion modes occur in a variety of active individuals and populations, such as sidewinders, self-propelled chiral droplets, and dense bacterial suspensions. Despite recent progress in the study of active matter, general principles governing rotational chiral transition remain elusive. Here, we study, experimentally and theoretically, rotational locomotion and its chiral transition in a 2D polyacrylamide (PAAm)-based BZ gel driven by Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction-diffusion waves.

BDNF in Ventrolateral Orbitofrontal Cortex to Dorsolateral Striatum Circuit Moderates Alcohol Consumption and Gates Alcohol Habit.

BDNF plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and function of neurons. BDNF signaling in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is part of an endogenous pathway that protects against the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Dysregulation of BDNF levels in the cortex or dysfunction of BDNF/TrkB signaling in the DLS results in the escalation of alcohol drinking and compulsive alcohol use.

Rare variants in PRKCI cause Van der Woude syndrome and other features of peridermopathy.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by lower lip pits and orofacial clefts (OFCs). With a prevalence of approximately 1 in 35,000 live births, it is the most common form of syndromic clefting and may account for ~2% of all OFCs. The majority of VWS is attributed to genetic variants in IRF6 (~70%) or GRHL3 (~5%), leaving up to 25% of individuals with VWS without a molecular diagnosis.

Safety and Outcomes of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

: Patients with hematologic malignancy (HM) often experience high rates of thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, anemia, leukopenia, and coagulopathy, which can significantly increase the risk of procedural and postoperative complications. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and outcomes of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in critically ill patients with HM. : This retrospective cohort study included patients with HM who underwent PDT between 2012 and 2023 at a tertiary academic center.

Multiscale footprints reveal the organization of cis-regulatory elements.

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control gene expression and are dynamic in their structure and function, reflecting changes in the composition of diverse effector proteins over time. However, methods for measuring the organization of effector proteins at CREs across the genome are limited, hampering efforts to connect CRE structure to their function in cell fate and disease. Here we developed PRINT, a computational method that identifies footprints of DNA-protein interactions from bulk and single-cell chromatin accessibility data across multiple scales of protein size.

Circularity in polydiketoenamine thermoplastics via control over reactive chain conformation.

Controlling the reactivity of bonds along polymer chains enables both functionalization and deconstruction with relevance to chemical recycling and circularity. Because the substrate is a macromolecule, however, understanding the effects of chain conformation on the reactivity of polymer bonds emerges as important yet underexplored. Here, we show how oxy-functionalization of chemically recyclable condensation polymers affects acidolysis to monomers through control over distortion and interaction energies in the rate-limiting transition states.

Retrospective evaluation of acid-base analysis in dogs and cats with diabetic ketosis (2017-2021): 96 cases.

Objective: To describe the acid-base balance of diabetic animals with ketosis and to identify underlying mechanisms of acid-base changes using semiquantitative analysis.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: University teaching hospital.

Determination of reference intervals of venous blood gas and acid-base parameters in clinically healthy awake cats.

Background: Venous blood gas and acid-base analysis is often performed in cats and requires appropriate reference intervals (RIs) for interpretation. The currently available RIs were created from small numbers of cats, while current guidelines suggest that a minimum number of 40 samples is required for the creation of an accurate/appropriate RI.

Key Findings: In 41 healthy awake cats, pH, PCO, PO, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, chloride, glucose, and plasma lactate concentrations were measured, while bicarbonate, standardized base excess, and anion gap were calculated.

Protocol of a decisional intervention for older adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and their caregivers: UR-GOAL 3.

Introduction: Therapeutic advances have allowed more adults aged ≥60 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to receive life-prolonging treatments, with improvement in overall survival. In contrast to other cancers, the onset of AML is often sudden, high-risk treatment decisions must be made quickly, and survival is often compromised due to aging-related conditions (e.g.

Co-occurring Change in Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) and Cigarette Harm Perceptions and Use in Young Adults.

Introduction: Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may contribute to cigarette use and nicotine addiction by shifting perceptions and norms around tobacco, but little is known about whether or how ENDS use and norms are related to cigarette use and norms, particularly among young adults. This study tested two potential mechanisms by which END use may facilitate cigarette use: decreasing tobacco harm perceptions (desensitization) and increasing favorability of tobacco use (renormalization).

Method: Analyses included data from 2187 young adults in a longitudinal panel who reported any ENDS or combustible cigarette use at ages 21, 23, or 26.

The "gift of love" as a candidate mechanism of psychopathology and change in interpersonal reconstructive therapy for patients with high-acuity clinical needs.

A key mechanism of psychopathology and change proposed by the theory of interpersonal reconstructive therapy (IRT; Benjamin, 2003, 2018) is termed the "gift of love" (GOL). The GOL hypothesis is that wishes to receive love and acceptance from specific internalized attachment figures shape and maintain problem patterns and their associated symptoms for many patients across a wide range of psychopathology. According to IRT theory, optimal intervention is defined by therapist alignment, or "adherence," to a core algorithm of principles that are tailored individually and bring awareness to (a) attachment-based yearnings for love and acceptance from internalized figures and (b) how those yearnings shape and motivate current problems and symptoms.

Decoding the blueprint of receptor binding by filoviruses through large-scale binding assays and machine learning.

Evidence suggests that bats are important hosts of filoviruses, yet the specific species involved remain largely unidentified. Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) is an essential entry receptor, with amino acid variations influencing viral susceptibility and species-specific tropism. Herein, we conducted combinatorial binding studies with seven filovirus glycoproteins (GPs) and NPC1 orthologs from 81 bat species.

Risk Factors for Limb Amputations in Modern Warfare Trauma: New Perspectives.

Background: In modern conflicts, extremities are mainly affected, with limb amputations required for approximately 5% of severely injured combatants and 7% of those with serious limb injuries. Amputations are some of the most challenging injuries endured by survivors, significantly affecting the patients and the healthcare system. This study aims to describe the rates, characteristics, and risk factors of limb amputations in patients with serious extremity trauma during the 2023 conflict in Israel.

Cryptococcal Pneumonia in Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report.

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) often experience infections due to aberrant immunoglobulin production by malignant plasma cells and immunosuppressive therapeutic interventions that are used to treat the condition. A rare but serious infection that may occur in these patients is Cryptococcus, an encapsulated fungus that typically infects immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcus infections often present as pneumonia but can disseminate to the central nervous system, potentially causing meningitis.

Interventions used to reduce infectious aerosol concentrations in hospitals-a review.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for improved infectious aerosol concentrations through interventions that reduce the transmission of airborne infections. The aims of this review were to map the existing literature on interventions used to improve infectious aerosol concentrations in hospitals and understand challenges in their implementation.

Methods: We reviewed peer-reviewed articles identified on three databases, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to July 2024.

Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Lesions, Complications, and Outcomes in Equine Colic Patients: A Retrospective Study.

Neutrophil characteristics in peritoneal fluid (PF) may aid in diagnosing and treating specific colic lesions and complications. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate quantitative PF leukocyte values, as well as PF total protein (TP) and lactate, for associations with diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality in horses with acute colic. Three hundred and forty-two horses that presented to one institution between January 2010-2020 for the evaluation of acute colic were included.

Shared governance increases marine protected area effectiveness.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely used to conserve and manage coastal resources. Protected areas are governed by a variety of institutional arrangements, yet little is known concerning the relative performance of different governance approaches. This research draws upon a unique dataset that combines details on the reported International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) governance categories of 217 global MPAs and their ecological outcomes to compare the performance of alternative governance arrangements.

Impact of Haemoadsorption Therapy on Short Term Mortality and Vasopressor Dependency in Severe Septic Shock with Acute Kidney Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

: Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, remains a major challenge in ICUs. This study evaluated whether combining haemoadsorption therapy with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) reduces ICU and short-term mortality in patients with severe septic shock and acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring CRRT. : A single-centre retrospective cohort study was conducted at Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, from January 2018 to February 2024.

An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation.

Mammalian genomes contain millions of regulatory elements that control the complex patterns of gene expression. Previously, The ENCODE consortium mapped biochemical signals across many cell types and tissues and integrated these data to develop a Registry of 0.9 million human and 300 thousand mouse candidate cis-Regulatory Elements (cCREs) annotated with potential functions.