Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of potentially toxic metals from water, soil, and forages near coal mines of district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

Water, forages, and soil contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) through anthropogenic activities has become a significant environmental concern. It is crucial to find out the level of PTMs in water, soil, and forages near industrial areas. The PTMs enter the body of living organisms through these sources and have become a potential risk for humans and animals.