The clavipectoral fascia as the unique anatomical criteria for distinguishing breast parenchymal lesions from axillary lymph node metastasis.

Diagnosing primary breast tumors of the axillary tail of Spence may be extremely challenging, since several lesions may be located in the axillary fossa. In the presented case, a 54-year-old post-menopausal Caucasian female patient presented to our institution complaining about a lump in her left axilla. The preoperative imaging modalities could not clarify whether the tumor is part of the tail of Spence or metastasis of the axillary lymph nodes.

Complete unilateral ureteral duplication encountered during intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer.

Complete duplication of ureters is a very rare clinical entity that may either be asymptomatic or present with a variety of clinical findings. In the presented case a 51-year-old Caucasian female underwent an intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Intraoperatively, during the standard bilateral recognition and mobilization of the ureters, complete unilateral duplication of the left ureter was incidentally detected, deriving from a single renal parenchyma.

Anomalous course of the sigmoid colon and the mesosigmoid encountered during colectomy. A case report of a redundant loop of sigmoid colon.

Unlabelled: Introduction Sigmoid colon constitutes a part of the large intestine that presents several congenital anatomic variations. In particular, the presence of a redundant loop of sigmoid colon is of tremendous importance for surgeons, obstetricians and radiologists, since it is closely related to multiple pathological conditions and functional implications of the neighboring anatomical structures.

Presentation Of Case: An unusual anatomic variation in position and length of the sigmoid colon and its mesocolon was unexpectedly detected during right hemicolectomy to a 67-year-old Caucasian male patient due to colon cancer.

Anatomic variation of the relation between the facial nerve and the retromandibular vein during superficial parotidectomy: A rare case report.

Introduction: Identification and preservation of the facial nerve (FN) is a major challenge when performing parotidectomy. Anatomic variations of the relation between the FN and the retromandibular vein (RMV) pose a high risk of nerve injury and bleeding during the operation.

Presentation Of Case: An unusual anatomic variation of the relation between the FN and the RMV was unexpectedly detected during superficial parotidectomy.