TNF-α pathway and T-cell immunity are activated early during the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Aim of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of TNF-α signaling pathway and T-lymphocyte activation in DN. Eighty-two diabetic patients [39 male, age 69.5(56-78)years] were divided into three groups, according to Albumin/Creatinine ratio (ACR) levels, Group I (ACR < 30 μg/mg), Group II (ACR 30-300 μg/mg), Group III (ACR > 300 μg/mg).

Impact of Τh1 and Τh2 cytokines in the progression of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change disease.

Background: Differential diagnosis between primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD) is sometimes difficult as nephrotic syndrome is the main clinical symptom in both diseases.

Objectives: This study has attempted to evaluate the urinary excretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines as potential biomarkers in distinguishing the two types of nephrotic syndrome, and predicting outcome of renal function.

Patients And Methods: Thirty-six patients with FSGS (M/F 22/14, Age; 41.